Proverbs which are short witty traditional oral expressions handed down from generation to generation as a common heritage is also believed to be true expressions of the Hausa people's philosophy. This philosophy is ...Proverbs which are short witty traditional oral expressions handed down from generation to generation as a common heritage is also believed to be true expressions of the Hausa people's philosophy. This philosophy is clad in different ways by the people as they are continuously at work to give meanings to their creative activities. Proverbs are one of the most relevant expressions of human wisdom and knowledge of nature, psychology, and reality for the Hausa people of Northern Nigeria; however, the images that are presented in the proverbs are culturally defined and they may differ from place to place, as well as from generation to generation. Proverbs are capable of a variety of meanings, according to how and when they are used. These findings have revealed that many popular and interesting Hausa proverbs tell a condensed story; these stories give vivid illustrations which help the hearer understand the proverbs. In this paper, the author attempts a deep intellectual analysis into the story-lines behind the emergence of some selected Hausa proverbs, with a view to comprehending and propagating embedded ideas and cultural principles or philosophies that may be relevant for contemporary social usage.展开更多
The aim of the article is to connect the model of cognitive metonymy with the model of types of denotative equivalence highlighting the explanatory potential of the model of cognitive metonymy for describing and clari...The aim of the article is to connect the model of cognitive metonymy with the model of types of denotative equivalence highlighting the explanatory potential of the model of cognitive metonymy for describing and clarifying the use and occurrence of word equivalents in the English translations of the Brothers' Grimm fairy tales by Margaret Taylor (1914) and Jack Zipes (1987). The Fairy Tales of the Brothers Grimm (GFT) can be seen in a wide sense as a source of the history of culture and social life in the German speaking countries of the nineteenth century. Culture-bound words refer to a special cultural knowledge, which is in a historical sense not or not completely compatible with the structure of knowledge in our present days, and refer to a common cultural knowledge of the community of German speaking countries as well. This article describes the ways of using English equivalents in the translations of the GFT including lexical and cognitive procedures, which stand behind the use of certain equivalents. This leads to the theoretical question: Is it possible to extend the model of denotative equivalence using features of conceptual metonymy in rendering culture-bound words in the target texts? Investigating this, there can be established modifications in the theory of conceptual metonymy in the framework of cognitive linguistics.展开更多
Philosophy of science has arisen as alternative to epistemology, because scientific development wanted another kind of explanation than traditional epistemological one. The latter kind of explanation is theoretically ...Philosophy of science has arisen as alternative to epistemology, because scientific development wanted another kind of explanation than traditional epistemological one. The latter kind of explanation is theoretically loaded and based on latent ontological assumptions. Epistemology offers science a "road map" for researcher's thinking. Thus epistemology knows what science should be, and philosophy of science take science for granted--existing as an empirical fact. Philosophy of science had always been a reflective and critical discipline that didn't want any a-priory knowledge. The main distinction between these fields of knowledge is as follows: epistemology is theoretical and projective kind of knowledge whereas philosophy of science is a non-theoretical, or better, a "post-theoretical" discipline. All facts and statements arising from philosophy of science lie within the heterogeneous space, where there is continuous transit of pre-theoretical, theoretical and post-theoretical versions of knowledge. The inevitability of conservation and utilization of human thought products is recognized, which is supplemented by the need to study the impact of theoretical thinking upon social practices.展开更多
Manufacturing of ship piping systems is one of the major production activities in shipbuilding. The schedule of pipe production has an important impact on the master schedule of shipbuilding. In this research, the ITO...Manufacturing of ship piping systems is one of the major production activities in shipbuilding. The schedule of pipe production has an important impact on the master schedule of shipbuilding. In this research, the ITOC concept was introduced to solve the scheduling problems of a piping factory, and an intelligent scheduling system was developed. The system, in which a product model, an operation model, a factory model, and a knowledge database of piping production were integrated, automated the planning process and production scheduling. Details of the above points were discussed. Moreover, an application of the system in a piping factory, which achieved a higher level of performance as measured by tardiness, lead time, and inventory, was demonstrated.展开更多
As the population ages, older people's health and quality of life are becoming a matter of public concern increasingly. Through review of the literatures and analysis of the reasons for falls in older people, we w...As the population ages, older people's health and quality of life are becoming a matter of public concern increasingly. Through review of the literatures and analysis of the reasons for falls in older people, we worked out some measures to cope with such a situation, provided the self-care knowledge of falls prevention for older people and improved the quality life of older persons. The recovery process is long, if the old people fall down, which brings a lot of inconvenience to individuals and families, and it can also cause a lot of complications. If wary of fall risk factors, the quality of life of older persons can be improved. According to the different conditions of the elderly, we should take effective measures to create suitable living environment for senior citizens, and propagandize the knowledge of the old people's health care, which has the great significance in preventing the elderly's fall, and improving their living quality.展开更多
Over the past century, Americans have had significant increases in personal income yet personal savings has decreased. The researchers examine college students' habits and beliefs concerning saving for retirement. To...Over the past century, Americans have had significant increases in personal income yet personal savings has decreased. The researchers examine college students' habits and beliefs concerning saving for retirement. To our knowledge, no study has examined retirement savings among Americans in this age group. We try to determine whether a student's retirement savings beliefs and habits can be predicted. Using a unique survey, five indexes are constructed to assess students' risk-aversion level, financial background, general savings habits, financial literacy, and attitudes toward saving. This index is used to predict a similarly constructed index of retirement savings behavior. We find that our overall model is predictive of a student's beliefs and habits in regards to saving for retirement. In addition, the student's level of risk-aversion, savings beliefs and financial literacy were each independently predictive of retirement savings behavior. Various demographic influences on the constructed risk and savings variables as well as interactions are also investigated.展开更多
In this article, I argue for the integration of learner-centered, high impact practices for the typical day of instruction. In doing so, I build off of a general, but robust, theoretical framework designed to promote ...In this article, I argue for the integration of learner-centered, high impact practices for the typical day of instruction. In doing so, I build off of a general, but robust, theoretical framework designed to promote substantive self-reflection which orients the tactical suggestions for improving student learning. The recommendations are practical and easily adopted as resources for challenging students to develop general critical thinking skills and dispositions especially those addressing metacognition and questioning one's assumptions of knowledge and understanding.展开更多
The revitalization of the historic fabric should not be considered only a matter of safeguarding the cultural heritage of collective memory; it will mainly be to recover and value an urban life, as in the urban contex...The revitalization of the historic fabric should not be considered only a matter of safeguarding the cultural heritage of collective memory; it will mainly be to recover and value an urban life, as in the urban context, the historic centre plays a function of social identification and recognition of the community, that commercial distribution helps to keep alive. It is widely spreading the concept of Old Town as Natural Shopping Centre: with this word, we define commercial complex and not homogenous places, developed over time without programming unit. designed as a unique space, which fall within a certain urban perimeter, work together as a business, financial administration, facilities and service all coordinated by a common policy development. In order to recover the vitality of the consolidated tissue of the city of Parma, the Town Council has started to study its historic centre as Natural Shopping Centre, relying on the potential inherent in the existing commercial streets.展开更多
The aim of this paper is to highlight the issue of resolving conflicts within multicultural teams in industrial enterprises. The authors build upon the concept of multiculturalism which seeks for possible ways to enab...The aim of this paper is to highlight the issue of resolving conflicts within multicultural teams in industrial enterprises. The authors build upon the concept of multiculturalism which seeks for possible ways to enable different cultures to coexist and the means of communication between them. The authors base the study on the assumption that extensively developed intercultural relationships lead to mutual understanding between people and consequently to less interpersonal conflicts. In the introduction part, the authors explain the importance of increased attention and interest in the area of multiculturalism. Industrial enterprises nowadays are increasingly aware of this issue as they become more open to different cultures and they are confronted with intensive international migration and previously isolated societies become more pluralistic. As a result of these processes, individuals are more frequently in contact with members of different cultures. "Think globally, act locally" has become a slogan for our society. This way of thinking and acting was transferred to almost all areas of life (economic, political, and educational) and it is applied in the context of schools, societies, and enterprises as well. The ability to understand and accept cultural diversity is becoming essential in the ordinary working environment. It helps to create connections between emotional perception and rational acceptance. In practice, the offer of training seminars about intercultural differences is widespread. Enterprises supporting the knowledge improvement of their own employees have understood that a friendly working environment leads to increased motivation, consequently reflected in their performance. The training focused on skills development in this area can help to reduce interpersonal misunderstandings, bring new ways of conflict resolution and harmony in the workplace and thereby also increase productivity. The authors focus on the "outdoor method" as an actual phenomenon, which is used in teaching the topic of tolerance towards cultural diversity. They describe the individual stages of this method and introduce a modified version of Tuson's model as an effective tool for conflict resolution in the workplace. The tools introduced in this paper, place particular emphasis on actions to prevent conflicts in the workplace. This paper builds upon the theory of knowledge processing and its role as a theoretical basis for knowledge development in the area of multiculturalism. Furthermore, it teaches us to be tolerant towards others, their habits, culture, and history "Strangers" can be a source of experience for us and they can enrich our personal lives. Discussion of the issues surrounding multiculturalism and also the identification of sustainable key performance parameters within multicultural work environments can contribute to more effective conflict resolution in the workplace and promote awareness towards the tolerant coexistence and social cohesion展开更多
Cryptography is an important tool in the design and implementation of e-voting schemes since it can provide verifiability, which is not provided in the traditional voting. But in the real life, most voters can neither...Cryptography is an important tool in the design and implementation of e-voting schemes since it can provide verifiability, which is not provided in the traditional voting. But in the real life, most voters can neither understand the profound theory of cryptography nor perform the complicated cryptographic computation. An e-voting system is presented in this paper to leverage the use of cryptography. It combines the advantages of voting scheme of Moran-Naor and voting scheme based on homomorphic encryption. It makes use of the cryptographic technique, but it hides the details of cryptographic computation from voters. Compared with voting scheme of Moran-Naor, the new system has three advantages: the ballots can be recovered when the voting machine breaks down, the costly cut-and-choose zero-knowledge proofs for shuffling votes made by the voting machine are avoided and the partial tally result in each voting machine can be kept secret.展开更多
文摘Proverbs which are short witty traditional oral expressions handed down from generation to generation as a common heritage is also believed to be true expressions of the Hausa people's philosophy. This philosophy is clad in different ways by the people as they are continuously at work to give meanings to their creative activities. Proverbs are one of the most relevant expressions of human wisdom and knowledge of nature, psychology, and reality for the Hausa people of Northern Nigeria; however, the images that are presented in the proverbs are culturally defined and they may differ from place to place, as well as from generation to generation. Proverbs are capable of a variety of meanings, according to how and when they are used. These findings have revealed that many popular and interesting Hausa proverbs tell a condensed story; these stories give vivid illustrations which help the hearer understand the proverbs. In this paper, the author attempts a deep intellectual analysis into the story-lines behind the emergence of some selected Hausa proverbs, with a view to comprehending and propagating embedded ideas and cultural principles or philosophies that may be relevant for contemporary social usage.
文摘The aim of the article is to connect the model of cognitive metonymy with the model of types of denotative equivalence highlighting the explanatory potential of the model of cognitive metonymy for describing and clarifying the use and occurrence of word equivalents in the English translations of the Brothers' Grimm fairy tales by Margaret Taylor (1914) and Jack Zipes (1987). The Fairy Tales of the Brothers Grimm (GFT) can be seen in a wide sense as a source of the history of culture and social life in the German speaking countries of the nineteenth century. Culture-bound words refer to a special cultural knowledge, which is in a historical sense not or not completely compatible with the structure of knowledge in our present days, and refer to a common cultural knowledge of the community of German speaking countries as well. This article describes the ways of using English equivalents in the translations of the GFT including lexical and cognitive procedures, which stand behind the use of certain equivalents. This leads to the theoretical question: Is it possible to extend the model of denotative equivalence using features of conceptual metonymy in rendering culture-bound words in the target texts? Investigating this, there can be established modifications in the theory of conceptual metonymy in the framework of cognitive linguistics.
文摘Philosophy of science has arisen as alternative to epistemology, because scientific development wanted another kind of explanation than traditional epistemological one. The latter kind of explanation is theoretically loaded and based on latent ontological assumptions. Epistemology offers science a "road map" for researcher's thinking. Thus epistemology knows what science should be, and philosophy of science take science for granted--existing as an empirical fact. Philosophy of science had always been a reflective and critical discipline that didn't want any a-priory knowledge. The main distinction between these fields of knowledge is as follows: epistemology is theoretical and projective kind of knowledge whereas philosophy of science is a non-theoretical, or better, a "post-theoretical" discipline. All facts and statements arising from philosophy of science lie within the heterogeneous space, where there is continuous transit of pre-theoretical, theoretical and post-theoretical versions of knowledge. The inevitability of conservation and utilization of human thought products is recognized, which is supplemented by the need to study the impact of theoretical thinking upon social practices.
文摘Manufacturing of ship piping systems is one of the major production activities in shipbuilding. The schedule of pipe production has an important impact on the master schedule of shipbuilding. In this research, the ITOC concept was introduced to solve the scheduling problems of a piping factory, and an intelligent scheduling system was developed. The system, in which a product model, an operation model, a factory model, and a knowledge database of piping production were integrated, automated the planning process and production scheduling. Details of the above points were discussed. Moreover, an application of the system in a piping factory, which achieved a higher level of performance as measured by tardiness, lead time, and inventory, was demonstrated.
文摘As the population ages, older people's health and quality of life are becoming a matter of public concern increasingly. Through review of the literatures and analysis of the reasons for falls in older people, we worked out some measures to cope with such a situation, provided the self-care knowledge of falls prevention for older people and improved the quality life of older persons. The recovery process is long, if the old people fall down, which brings a lot of inconvenience to individuals and families, and it can also cause a lot of complications. If wary of fall risk factors, the quality of life of older persons can be improved. According to the different conditions of the elderly, we should take effective measures to create suitable living environment for senior citizens, and propagandize the knowledge of the old people's health care, which has the great significance in preventing the elderly's fall, and improving their living quality.
文摘Over the past century, Americans have had significant increases in personal income yet personal savings has decreased. The researchers examine college students' habits and beliefs concerning saving for retirement. To our knowledge, no study has examined retirement savings among Americans in this age group. We try to determine whether a student's retirement savings beliefs and habits can be predicted. Using a unique survey, five indexes are constructed to assess students' risk-aversion level, financial background, general savings habits, financial literacy, and attitudes toward saving. This index is used to predict a similarly constructed index of retirement savings behavior. We find that our overall model is predictive of a student's beliefs and habits in regards to saving for retirement. In addition, the student's level of risk-aversion, savings beliefs and financial literacy were each independently predictive of retirement savings behavior. Various demographic influences on the constructed risk and savings variables as well as interactions are also investigated.
文摘In this article, I argue for the integration of learner-centered, high impact practices for the typical day of instruction. In doing so, I build off of a general, but robust, theoretical framework designed to promote substantive self-reflection which orients the tactical suggestions for improving student learning. The recommendations are practical and easily adopted as resources for challenging students to develop general critical thinking skills and dispositions especially those addressing metacognition and questioning one's assumptions of knowledge and understanding.
文摘The revitalization of the historic fabric should not be considered only a matter of safeguarding the cultural heritage of collective memory; it will mainly be to recover and value an urban life, as in the urban context, the historic centre plays a function of social identification and recognition of the community, that commercial distribution helps to keep alive. It is widely spreading the concept of Old Town as Natural Shopping Centre: with this word, we define commercial complex and not homogenous places, developed over time without programming unit. designed as a unique space, which fall within a certain urban perimeter, work together as a business, financial administration, facilities and service all coordinated by a common policy development. In order to recover the vitality of the consolidated tissue of the city of Parma, the Town Council has started to study its historic centre as Natural Shopping Centre, relying on the potential inherent in the existing commercial streets.
文摘The aim of this paper is to highlight the issue of resolving conflicts within multicultural teams in industrial enterprises. The authors build upon the concept of multiculturalism which seeks for possible ways to enable different cultures to coexist and the means of communication between them. The authors base the study on the assumption that extensively developed intercultural relationships lead to mutual understanding between people and consequently to less interpersonal conflicts. In the introduction part, the authors explain the importance of increased attention and interest in the area of multiculturalism. Industrial enterprises nowadays are increasingly aware of this issue as they become more open to different cultures and they are confronted with intensive international migration and previously isolated societies become more pluralistic. As a result of these processes, individuals are more frequently in contact with members of different cultures. "Think globally, act locally" has become a slogan for our society. This way of thinking and acting was transferred to almost all areas of life (economic, political, and educational) and it is applied in the context of schools, societies, and enterprises as well. The ability to understand and accept cultural diversity is becoming essential in the ordinary working environment. It helps to create connections between emotional perception and rational acceptance. In practice, the offer of training seminars about intercultural differences is widespread. Enterprises supporting the knowledge improvement of their own employees have understood that a friendly working environment leads to increased motivation, consequently reflected in their performance. The training focused on skills development in this area can help to reduce interpersonal misunderstandings, bring new ways of conflict resolution and harmony in the workplace and thereby also increase productivity. The authors focus on the "outdoor method" as an actual phenomenon, which is used in teaching the topic of tolerance towards cultural diversity. They describe the individual stages of this method and introduce a modified version of Tuson's model as an effective tool for conflict resolution in the workplace. The tools introduced in this paper, place particular emphasis on actions to prevent conflicts in the workplace. This paper builds upon the theory of knowledge processing and its role as a theoretical basis for knowledge development in the area of multiculturalism. Furthermore, it teaches us to be tolerant towards others, their habits, culture, and history "Strangers" can be a source of experience for us and they can enrich our personal lives. Discussion of the issues surrounding multiculturalism and also the identification of sustainable key performance parameters within multicultural work environments can contribute to more effective conflict resolution in the workplace and promote awareness towards the tolerant coexistence and social cohesion
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 60673076)the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863)of China (No. 2008AA01Z403)
文摘Cryptography is an important tool in the design and implementation of e-voting schemes since it can provide verifiability, which is not provided in the traditional voting. But in the real life, most voters can neither understand the profound theory of cryptography nor perform the complicated cryptographic computation. An e-voting system is presented in this paper to leverage the use of cryptography. It combines the advantages of voting scheme of Moran-Naor and voting scheme based on homomorphic encryption. It makes use of the cryptographic technique, but it hides the details of cryptographic computation from voters. Compared with voting scheme of Moran-Naor, the new system has three advantages: the ballots can be recovered when the voting machine breaks down, the costly cut-and-choose zero-knowledge proofs for shuffling votes made by the voting machine are avoided and the partial tally result in each voting machine can be kept secret.