Hydrothermal fluid activity during sedimenta- tion of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin and the impact of said activity on formation and preservation conditions of source rocks have received little at...Hydrothermal fluid activity during sedimenta- tion of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin and the impact of said activity on formation and preservation conditions of source rocks have received little attention. Oil yield, major element, trace element, rare earth element, and total sulfur （TS） data from the oil shale within the Yanchang are here presented and discussed in the context of hydrothermal influence. Oil shale samples returned relatively high total organic carbon （TOC）, in the range of 4.69%-25.48%. A high correlation between TS and TOC suggests TS in the oil shale is dominated by organic sulfur and affected by organic matter. The low Al/ Si ratio of oil shale samples implies quartz is a major mineralogical component. Si/（Si ＋ Al ＋ Fe） values suggest close proximity of the oil shale to a terrigenous source. δEu; Fe versus Mn versus （Cu ＋ Co ＋ Ni）× 10; and SiO2/（K2O ＋ Na2O） versus MnO/TiO2, Fe/Ti, and （Fe ＋ Mn）/Ti are evidence of hydrothermal fluid activity during oil shale sedimentation, and δU and U/Th of the oil shale indicate reducing conditions. The Sr/Ba of oil shale samples suggests fresh-water deposition. The high correlations of Fe/Ti and （Fe ＋ Mn）/Ti with δU, U/Th, and TS demonstrate that hydrothermal fluid activity promotes reducing conditions. Sr/Ba ratios had low correlation with Fe/Ti and （Fe ＋ Mn）/Ti, implying that hydrothermal fluid activity had little impact （Fe ＋ Mn）/Ti, δU, U/Th, and on paleosalinity. Fe/Ti, Cu ＋ Pb ＋ Zn all exhibited high positive correlation coefficients with TOC in oil shale samples, suggesting that more intense hydrothermal fluid activity improves conditions in favor of formation and preservation of organic matter.展开更多
This paper builds on the literature of the relationship between oil spot and futures prices from the NYNEX market, both in their means and in their conditional volatilities, to investigate whether the association is l...This paper builds on the literature of the relationship between oil spot and futures prices from the NYNEX market, both in their means and in their conditional volatilities, to investigate whether the association is linear or not. The novelty of this work is based on intraday data from both markets. The empirical findings indicate the presence of nonlinearities both in means and conditional volatilities. Moreover, non-linear causality estimations both in means and in volatilities reveal the presence of bi-directional causality, a fact that provides additional support to the hypothesis that both markets are driven by the same information sets.展开更多
In this paper, the authors analyze the adequacy of GARCH-type models to analyze oil price behavior by applying two types of non-parametric tests, the Hinich portmanteau test for non-linear dependence and a frequency-d...In this paper, the authors analyze the adequacy of GARCH-type models to analyze oil price behavior by applying two types of non-parametric tests, the Hinich portmanteau test for non-linear dependence and a frequency-dominant test of time reversibility, the reverse test based on the bispectrum, to explore the high-order spectrum properties of the Mexican oil price series. The results suggest strong evidence of a non-linear structure and time irreversibility. Therefore, it does not comply with the i.i.d （independent and identically distributed） property. The non-linear dependence, however, is not consistent throughout the sample period, as indicated by a windowed test, suggesting episodic nonlinear dependence. The results imply that GARCH models cannot capture the series structure.展开更多
Borehole inclinometers are important observation instruments used to measure ground tilt movement and monitor crustal deformation of solid tides and geological landslide disasters.They are widely used in oil explorati...Borehole inclinometers are important observation instruments used to measure ground tilt movement and monitor crustal deformation of solid tides and geological landslide disasters.They are widely used in oil exploration,mineral resource drilling,well logging,exploration and other fields.There is potential for development of rock stress strain monitoring tools.Many types of tiltmeters have been installed,such as SQ-7,FSQ,VS and JB.However,these tiltmeters are generally installed in a deep cave to avoid the interference of temperature,humidity,and human activities.With the urbanization of human society,suitable installation locations are difficult to find.To solve the problem,a two-component borehole tiltmeter,named the CBT-type tiltmeter,is proposed in this paper.It can be installed in a borehole less than500 m deep to eliminate environmental influences.The tiltmeter is composed of two sophisticated gravitational swing and two capacitive transducers.From preliminary theory and experiment analysis,its linear correlation coefficient is higher than 0.99,its co-seismic response is rapid and its noise level is up to 10 4arc seconds in practice.展开更多
基金supported with funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41173055)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 310827172101)
文摘Hydrothermal fluid activity during sedimenta- tion of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin and the impact of said activity on formation and preservation conditions of source rocks have received little attention. Oil yield, major element, trace element, rare earth element, and total sulfur （TS） data from the oil shale within the Yanchang are here presented and discussed in the context of hydrothermal influence. Oil shale samples returned relatively high total organic carbon （TOC）, in the range of 4.69%-25.48%. A high correlation between TS and TOC suggests TS in the oil shale is dominated by organic sulfur and affected by organic matter. The low Al/ Si ratio of oil shale samples implies quartz is a major mineralogical component. Si/（Si ＋ Al ＋ Fe） values suggest close proximity of the oil shale to a terrigenous source. δEu; Fe versus Mn versus （Cu ＋ Co ＋ Ni）× 10; and SiO2/（K2O ＋ Na2O） versus MnO/TiO2, Fe/Ti, and （Fe ＋ Mn）/Ti are evidence of hydrothermal fluid activity during oil shale sedimentation, and δU and U/Th of the oil shale indicate reducing conditions. The Sr/Ba of oil shale samples suggests fresh-water deposition. The high correlations of Fe/Ti and （Fe ＋ Mn）/Ti with δU, U/Th, and TS demonstrate that hydrothermal fluid activity promotes reducing conditions. Sr/Ba ratios had low correlation with Fe/Ti and （Fe ＋ Mn）/Ti, implying that hydrothermal fluid activity had little impact （Fe ＋ Mn）/Ti, δU, U/Th, and on paleosalinity. Fe/Ti, Cu ＋ Pb ＋ Zn all exhibited high positive correlation coefficients with TOC in oil shale samples, suggesting that more intense hydrothermal fluid activity improves conditions in favor of formation and preservation of organic matter.
文摘This paper builds on the literature of the relationship between oil spot and futures prices from the NYNEX market, both in their means and in their conditional volatilities, to investigate whether the association is linear or not. The novelty of this work is based on intraday data from both markets. The empirical findings indicate the presence of nonlinearities both in means and conditional volatilities. Moreover, non-linear causality estimations both in means and in volatilities reveal the presence of bi-directional causality, a fact that provides additional support to the hypothesis that both markets are driven by the same information sets.
文摘In this paper, the authors analyze the adequacy of GARCH-type models to analyze oil price behavior by applying two types of non-parametric tests, the Hinich portmanteau test for non-linear dependence and a frequency-dominant test of time reversibility, the reverse test based on the bispectrum, to explore the high-order spectrum properties of the Mexican oil price series. The results suggest strong evidence of a non-linear structure and time irreversibility. Therefore, it does not comply with the i.i.d （independent and identically distributed） property. The non-linear dependence, however, is not consistent throughout the sample period, as indicated by a windowed test, suggesting episodic nonlinear dependence. The results imply that GARCH models cannot capture the series structure.
基金the research grant from Institute of Crustal Dynamics,CEA (No.ZDJ2013-07)Key Project of the National Twelfth-Five Year Research Program of China (No.2012BAK19B)
文摘Borehole inclinometers are important observation instruments used to measure ground tilt movement and monitor crustal deformation of solid tides and geological landslide disasters.They are widely used in oil exploration,mineral resource drilling,well logging,exploration and other fields.There is potential for development of rock stress strain monitoring tools.Many types of tiltmeters have been installed,such as SQ-7,FSQ,VS and JB.However,these tiltmeters are generally installed in a deep cave to avoid the interference of temperature,humidity,and human activities.With the urbanization of human society,suitable installation locations are difficult to find.To solve the problem,a two-component borehole tiltmeter,named the CBT-type tiltmeter,is proposed in this paper.It can be installed in a borehole less than500 m deep to eliminate environmental influences.The tiltmeter is composed of two sophisticated gravitational swing and two capacitive transducers.From preliminary theory and experiment analysis,its linear correlation coefficient is higher than 0.99,its co-seismic response is rapid and its noise level is up to 10 4arc seconds in practice.
