液化石油气含氧化合物闪蒸仪进样重复性影响因素分析

NB/SH/T 0230—2019《液化石油气组成的测定 气相色谱法》对液化石油气含氧化合物色谱分析的进样方式未进行详尽的规定,液化石油气含氧化合物的液体标准样品进行校正因子标定,实际操作过程中发现液化石油气原料在液体进样过程中差异性较大。笔者研究发现不同的进样方式对液化石油气含氧化合物组成的测定有着不可忽视的影响,选择了当前主要应用的三种进样方式对液化石油气组成测定结果进行对比研究,验证了不同进样方式在不同条件下的可行性,通过考察钢瓶进样方式对分析结果的影响,找出重复性高、准确性好的操作方式,解决液化石油气含氧化合物分析重复性差的问题。

石油烃类化合物降解菌的研究概况

综述了国内外对石油烃类化合物的微生物降解的研究情况 ,分别就石油烃类化合物各组分微生物降解率、不同组分的微生物代谢途径、降解菌种类、降解性质粒、工程菌构建以及生物修复方法进行了介绍 ,以期全面反映此领域的研究成果 。

潜流人工湿地去除大庆地区湖泊水体中石油类化合物的研究

针对大庆地区石油类化合物污染湖泊水质特点和气候条件,采用包含砾石床、砾石芦苇床、炉渣芦苇床和炉渣床单元的现场试验系统,考察启动期、投加微生物、投加缓释碳源、水温低于5℃和常规运行期等工况下各单元对石油类化合物的去除效果及其去除机理.在整个试验期内4个单元石油类化合物的平均去除率分别为24.7%、28.4%、45.9%和42.9%;投加微生物和缓释碳源都可提高石油类化合物污染物的去除效果;以炉渣为填料的单元污染物去除效果显著优于以砾石为填料的单元.2005年常规运行期间,湿地床和对照床石油类化合物去除率存在显著性差异(p<0.05),植物对石油类化合物的去除起到显著的促进作用.系统运行期内通过截留去除的石油类化合物占总去除量70%左右,各单元该比例没有显著性差异(p<0.05).

真菌参与石油类疏水化合物从非水相向水相的传质

石油类非水相疏水化合物(hydrophobic organic compounds,HOCs)因较高的生物毒性和低生物可利用性而沉积于自然环境中,真菌细胞通过菌丝生长形成疏水性菌丝体网络并产生低特异性代谢酶,从而将此类物质作为生长基质利用,并进一步影响此类物质从非水相到水相传质的过程.本文首先总结了利用石油类HOCs真菌的种属及其独特的生活方式,然后对这类真菌参与石油类HOCs从非水相体系向水相传质的过程及相关影响因子,以及与传质过程相关的生物刺激和金属毒性效应等方面的研究进展做了进一步的总结,最后综合分析了真菌参与石油类HOCs从非水相向水相传质过程的意义.

TiO_2粉末的悬浮体系石油烃类化合物光催化降解

在半导体ＴｉＯ２粉末的悬浮体系中光催化降解了不同链长的脂肪烃：正辛烷、癸烷、十二烷、十四烷、十六烷，以及石油烃类化合物０＃柴油。比较了氧气、氮气、氢气对降解速率的影响，并对反应机理做了初步探讨。研究结果表明，在ＴｉＯ２粉末的悬浮体系中可以有效地进行石油烃类化合物的光催化降解。

浅谈气相色谱法测定土壤中石油烃类化合物

文章论述了气相色谱法测定土壤中石油烃类化合物的原理、试剂材料、仪器设备、样品采集、分析步骤、质量控制保证和注意事项,为同行提供参考。

石油碳氢化合物污染含水层的快速氧化还原进程

搜集的六年地下水化学数据显示，经过一段时间后。被石油类碳氢化合物污染的浅含水层的污染物的分布和氧化还原进程已发生了快速的变化。在1990年发生石油泄漏后不久，大量的苯存在于污染源地区，在受污染的地区，地下水中的溶解氧被消耗掉。截止到1994年，Fe(Ⅲ)和硫酸盐的减少是显著的晚期电子接收过程。非常有意义的是，1994年的溶解甲烷在测量下限以下。这暗示了缺乏有意义的甲烷群。然而，到1996年，含水层沉积物中固相Fe(Ⅲ)的氢氧化物的消耗和地下水中溶解硫酸盐的消耗导致了甲醇类的大量繁殖。在1996年—2000年期间，水化学数据显示甲醇类的新陈代谢更加普遍了，对沉积物的萃取物16s-rDNA进行分子分析，显示了更加多元化的甲醇类的存在，相对于污染羽中心的外面，它和水化学数据反映的变化是一致的。该快速氧化还原过程反映了几种因素，包括大量污染物，相对快速的地下水流动(0．3m／day)(1foot／day)和原始存在于含水层沉积物中的可由细菌引起减少的低浓度Fe(Ⅲ)氢氧化物(1umol／g)。这些结果表明，在一定水文条件下受石油碳氢化合物污染含水层中的氧化还原条件。在时间和空间上能快速发生变化，并且有效的固相Fe(Ⅲ)的氢氧化物影响了变化的速度。

土壤粒度对石油微生物降解行为的影响

[目的]探究生物降解石油污染土壤过程中土壤组成粒度与有机物之间的各种相互作用。[方法]对用石油污染土壤的不同来源（土层深度不同）不同土壤粒度（〈63μm;63~2 000μm）进行生物降解试验。[结果]新污染的浅层土壤石油碳氢化合物（TPH）的降解率达到52.2%,而深层土壤内的TPH降解率较低。污染时间较长的土壤TPH降解率较新污染的土壤要低很多。在所有试验中,正烷烃都已耗尽。随着土壤老化,浅层土壤生物降解效果明显,大颗粒土壤几乎没有被降解。经GC-FID分析,平衡碳原子数（ECN）〉15~20的TPH难以降解。这种现象在深层土壤中比浅层土壤中更明显,说明土龄影响化合物成分的分布;老化的土壤具有相同成分：高分子结构ECN〉15。[结论]该研究为石油污染土壤生物修复过程中石油微生物的利用提供参考。

石油污染

石油污染ＯｉｌＰｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎ￥Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｄｕｅｔｏｅｘｐａｎｓｉｏｎｏｆｏｉｌｅｘｐｌｏｉｔａｔｉｏｎａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ，ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔｏｉｌｔａｎｋａｃｃｉｄｅｎｔｓａｎｄｗａｒｓ，ｍｏｒｅａｎｄｍｏｒｅａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｈａｓｂｅ...

石油工业含油污泥的无害化处理技术及应用

含油污泥是石油工业产生的最主要的固体废弃物之一。由于含油污泥的危害性,有效地处理含油污泥具有非常重要的意义。含油污泥中石油碳氢化合物的去除也引起了广泛关注。本文对含油污泥的无害化处理技术进行了着重介绍,包括焚烧、稳定/凝固、生物降解技术以及氧化技术(超临界水氧化(SCWO)、O_(3)氧化和芬顿氧化)来实现对有机物的降解。并对今后含油污泥的处理也提出了建议及意见。

石油烃污染土壤生物修复过程中微生物的降解效率

石油碳氢化合物目前是环境中最常见的污染物,而油田、焦化厂、固废拆解厂等场地容易受到碳氢化合物污染的威胁。相较于其他技术,生物修复技术具有成本效益高、可完全矿化等优点,因此利用微生物降解土壤中的石油碳氢化合物是一个很有前途的战略技术。本文总结了生物修复技术的影响参数、微生物的多样性以及典型细菌对碳氢化合物的降解潜力,为更好地运用生物修复技术提供理论依据。

影响SEPZ菌对炼油污水生物降解效果的因素分析

采用直接投加菌种的生物强化方式,进行了SEPZ菌生物高效降解炼油污水的实验。考察了菌种浓度、曝气方式、降解温度、初始化学需氧量(COD)等因素对降解效果的影响。在菌种浓度为500μL/L、连续曝气、20℃的优化条件下,降解48 h,污水COD从1 034.5 mg/L降到293.3 mg/L,去除率为71.6%;石油类化合物质量浓度从51.58 mg/L降到3.31 mg/L,去除率为93.6%。

内循环气液固三相流化床处理炼油污水工艺研究

采用自行设计开发的气升式内循环气液固三相流化床反应器,并结合固定化包埋技术,连续处理炼油工业污水。结果表明,在水力停留时间为9 h,固定化微生物颗粒填充率为5%的优化条件下,污水中化学需氧量(COD)及石油类化合物的平均去除率分别约为87%,95%。该反应器的COD容积负荷可高达2.56 kg/(m3.d),具有很强的抗水力负荷冲击和抗COD容积负荷冲击的能力。

Petroleum geological framework and hydrocarbon potential in the Yellow Sea

Sedimentary basins in the Yellow Sea can be grouped tectonically into the North Yellow Sea Basin (NYSB), the northern basin of the South Yellow Sea (SYSNB) and the southern basin of the South Yellow Sea (SYSSB). The NYSB is connected to Anju Basin to the east. The SYSSB extends to Subei Basin to the west. The acoustic basement of basins in the North Yellow Sea and South Yellow Sea is disparate, having different stratigraphic evolution and oil accumulation features, even though they have been under the same stress regime since the Late Triassic. The acoustic basement of the NYSB features China-Korea Platform crystalline rocks, whereas those in the SYSNB and SYSSB are of the Paleozoic Yangtze Platform sedimentary layers or metamorphic rocks. Since the Late Mesozoic terrestrial strata in the eastern of the NYSB (West Korea Bay Basin) were discovered having industrial hydrocarbon accumulation, the oil potential in the Mesozoic strata in the west depression of the basin could be promising, although the petroleum exploration in the South Yellow Sea has made no break-through yet. New deep reflection data and several drilling wells have indicated the source rock of the Mesozoic in the basins of South Yellow Sea, and the Paleozoic platform marine facies in the SYSSB and Central Rise could be the other hosts of oil or natural gas. The Mesozoic hydrocarbon could be found in the Mesozoic of the foredeep basin in the SYSNB that bears potential hydrocarbon in thick Cretaceous strata, and so does the SYSSB where the same petroleum system exists to that of oil-bearing Subei Basin.

MIP Technology for Pruduction of Euro Ⅳ Clean Gasoline Ⅱ. Correlation Model of Sulfur Content of MIP Naphtha and Its Application

On the basis of the reaction rules and its influencing factors of sulfur compounds in MIP naphtha, a correlation model for describing the correlation between mass fraction of sulfur in MIP naphtha, mass fraction of sulfur in feedstock and volume fraction of olefin in naphtha was developed and the model＇s parameters were estimated. The residual error distribution and statistical study showed that the developed model was reasonable and reliable and able to predict the mass fraction of sulfur compounds in naphtha. The correlation model can provide theoretical guidance and operation base for adjusting process parameters to produce EURO IV gasoline by the MIP units. The model was validated by its application on the MIP unit of Qingdao Refining ＆ Chemical Company. On this unit, the tail oil with low sulfur content obtained via hydrotreating gas oil was used as the feedstock and the olefin content of naphtha was reduced by promoting hydrogen transfer reaction through adjustment of process parameters. Thus, EURO IV clean gasoline was manufactured by this MIP unit.

Application of a Step-by-Step Fingerprinting Identification Method on a Spilled Oil Accident in the Bohai Sea Area

In recent years,oil spill accidents occur frequently in the marine area of China.Finding out the spilled oil source is a key step in the relevant investigation.In this paper,a step-by-step fingerprinting identification method was used in a spilled oil accident in the Bohai Sea in 2002.Advanced chemical fingerprinting and data interpretation techniques were used to characterize the chemical composition and determine the possible sources of two spilled oil samples.The original gas chromatography -flame ionization detec-tion (GC-FID) chromatogram of saturated hydrocarbons was compared.The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) chromatograms of aromatic hydrocarbons terpane and sterane,n-alkane and poly-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed.The correlation analysis on diagnostic ratios was performed with Student’s t-test.It is found that the oil fingerprinting of the spilled oil (designated as sz1) from the polluted sand beach was identical with the suspected oil (designated as ky1) from a nearby crude oil refinery factory.They both showed the fingerprinting character of mixed oil.The oil fingerprinting of the spilled oil (designated as ms1) collected from the port was significantly different from oil ky1 and oil sz1 and was with a lubricating oil fingerprint character.The identification result not only gave support for the spilled oil investigation,but also served as an example for studying spilled oil accidents.

Pollution Condition of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Pollutant and Estimation of Its Environmental Capacities in Summer in the Bohai Sea

The pollution condition of petroleum hydrocarbon (PH) was summarized in the Bohai Sea in this paper. The results showed that the mean concentration of PH was (25.7±13.6) mg/m3, varying from 4.4 to 64.8 mg/m3 in the survey sea area. Laizhou Bay and Bohai Bay have been contaminated badly inshore. The dynamic model for distribution of marine PH among multiphase environments in the Bohai Sea has been established. The environmental capacities (ECO) and surplus environmental capacities (SECO) of PH have been estimated in the Bohai Sea according to the dynamic model. The results showed that the ECo separately were about 29 169 t/a, 177 306 t/a and 298 446 t/a under the first, second and third, fourth class seawater quality standards requirement. And the ECO of Bohai Bay, Liaodong Bay, Laizhou Bay and Central Bohai Sea were about 5 255 t/a, 8 869 t/a, 4889 t/a and 10 156 t/a respectively under the first and second class seawater quality standards requirement.

Study on source rock potential and source rocks spatial distribution in the Manghan Faulted Sag, Kailu Basin

Manghan Faulted Sag is an exploratory target area in Kailu Basin. In order to determine its exploration prospect, the effectiveness of its source rocks is evaluated by organic geochemical behavior analysis of the samples, and their distributions are predicted using trace integration seismic inversion technology. Studies on their organic matter abundance, type and maturity indicate that the source rocks in the Sag have great generating potentials. Furthermore, it is found that, based on the spatial distribution predication, the source rocks in the Sag are well developed. Therefore, the Sag has a promising prospect for exploration.

Bioremediation of Oil Spills in Cold Environments: A Review

Oil spills have become a serious problem in cold environments with the ever-increasing resource exploitation, transportation, storage, and accidental leakage of oil. Several techniques, including physical, chemical, and biological methods, are used to recover spilled oil from the environment. Bioremediation is a promising option for remediation since it is effective and economic in removing oil with less undue environmental damages. However, it is a relatively slow process in cold regions and the degree of success depends on a number of factors, including the properties and fate of oil spilled in cold environments, and the major microbial and environmental limitations of bioremediation. The microbial factors include bioavailability of hydrocarbons, mass transfer through the cell membrane, and metabolic limitations. As for the environmental limitations in the cold regions, the emphasis is on soil temperatures, freeze-thaw processes, oxygen and nutrients availability, toxicity, and electron acceptors. There have been several cases of success in the polar regions, particularly in the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions. However, the challenges and constraints for bioremediation in cold environments remain large.

Calculation of Environmental Capacity of Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Jiaozhou Bay

The method has been established to calculate the environmental capacity (ECO), surplus environment capacity (SECO) of water with respect to marine petroleum hydrocarbons associated with oil (PHAOs) and the self-purification capacity (SPCO) of main self-purification process to PHAOs in the Jiaozhou Bay, China, according to the dynamic model for distribution of marine PHAOs among multiphase environments. The variation of concentration of PHAOs in the Jiaozhou Bay is well simulated by the dynamic model. Based on the model, the ECo, SECo of water with respect to PHAOs in the Jiaozhou Bay were calculated during the last 10 years under the first-class and second-class quality standard requirement, according to SPCO of main self-purification process to PHAOs. The results show that about 200 tons of PHAOs could be discharged into the Jiaozhou Bay for maintaining the first class seawater quality standard, and about 600 tons of PHAOs for the second class seawater quality standard later.