沈括石油墨考述

首先,根据沈括《梦溪笔谈》卷二十四中对石油和制作石油墨的记载,对“石油”一词的最早提出者进行了考证,否定了《太平广记》中记载石油的说法,确认沈括是最早提出者。其次,对沈括“此物后必大行于世”的预言进行了分析,指出“此物”不是指石油而是指石油墨,那种认为沈括预言了现在石油的广泛利用的观点是错误的。沈括是在传统松烟墨工艺造成环境破坏和原材料短缺的基础上,认为石油墨将来会流行的。最后,考察了沈括的石油墨在中国传统制墨史上的地位,发现石油墨并未如沈括所预测“大行于世”,而是在历史长期湮没无闻,直到中国近代西方工业文明冲击之后,才占据了制墨的主流。

Selective glycerol oxidation using platinum nanoparticles supported on multi-walled carbon nanotubes and nitrogen-doped graphene hybrid

Selective oxidation of glycerol is a hot topic.Increased biodiesel production has led to glycerol oxidation over Au- and Pt-based catalysts being widely studied.However,Pt catalysts suffer from deactivation because of weak metal-support interactions.In this study,multi-walled carbon nanotube（MWCNTs）-pillared nitrogen-doped graphene（NG） was prepared by direct pyrolysis of melamine on MWCNTs,and the synthesized NG-MWCNT composite was used as the support for Pt.Characterization results showed that the surface area（173 m^2/g） and pore volume of the NG-MWCNT composite were greater than those of bare MWCNTs and the separated melamine pyrolysis product（CH_x）.Pt（1.4±0.4 nm） dispersion on the NG-MWCNTs was favorable and the Pt/NG-MWCNT catalyst was highly active and selective in the oxidation of glycerol to glyceric acid（GLYA） in base-free aqueous solution.For example,the conversion of glycerol reached 64.4% with a GLYA selectivity of 81.0%,whereas the conversions of glycerol over Pt/MWCNTs and Pt/CN_x were 29.0% and 31.6%,respectively.The unique catalytic activity of the Pt/NG-MWCNTs is attributed to well-dispersed Pt clusters on the NG-MWCNTs and the electron-donating effect of the nitrogen dopant in the NG-MWCNTs.

Preparation of low-temperature sintered high conductivity inks based on nanosilver self-assembled on surface of graphene

Finer nanoplates of silver are prepared by self-assembly on the surface of graphene,and the low-temperature sintered high conductivity ink containing the silver nanoplates is prepared.Most importantly,graphene is added to the solution before the chemical reduction reaction occurs.Firstly,it is found that silver nanoplates have self-assembly phenomenon on the surface of graphene.Secondly,the Ag nano hexagonal platelets(AgNHPs)with small particle sizes(10 nm),narrow distribution and good dispersion are prepared.Especially,smaller sizes(10 nm)and narrower particle size distribution of AgNHPs particles can be easily controlled by using this process.Finally,the conductivity of the ink is excellent.For example,when the printed patterns were sintering at 150℃,the resistivity of the ink(GE:0.15 g/L)reached the minimum value of 2.2×10^-6 cm.And the resistivity value was 3.7×10^-6Ωcm,when it was sintered at 100℃ for 30 min.The conductive ink prepared can be used for the field of printing electronics as ink-jet printing ink.

Effect of filler on the self-lubrication performance of graphite antimony composites

Graphite antimony composites were prepared using a mechanical pressure infiltration method to force molten antimony into graphite preforms having a percolation micro-structure and a hop-pocket power filler. The micro-structural and macroscopic properties of the graphite antimony composites were analysed. Observations included metallographic analysis, physical properties and friction and wear behaviour. The results show that the wear loss is decreased by 12.24% and that the friction coefficient is re-duced by 32.61% after hop-pocket power was used. The research indicates that the hop-pocket power method gives a useful way to reduce friction coefficients and wear loss, and to increase service life and self-lubrication properties, of the graphite antimony seal-ing material as compared to carbon black.

Turbidite Petroleum Geology Updates in the Deepwater and Subsalt Gulf of Mexico

The past six years （2008-2014） was a prosperous time for exploration and production in the dGOM （deepwater Gulf of Mexico）. Recent exploration and production activities can be divided into three major categories： drilling new wildcat wells, appraising and developing newly discovered fields and enhanced oil recovery of mature fields. Seismic imaging, complex geology, high pressure drilling, greater depth, and higher temperature are key challenges for the exploration and production of dGOM reservoirs. Complex geology includes salt-related structures and traps, reservoir compartmentalization, and the sequence stratigraphy of turbidite reservoirs. Turbidite sequence stratigraphy helps the asset team to fred the best target intervals. Sheet and channelized sandstones with good downdip aquifer support are preferred reservoir conditions. All the drilling, development and production challenges are related to high pressure, greater depth, higher temperature and lack of existing field analogs. Various IOR （improved oil recovery） methods are studied and applied in the development stage of the Wilcox fields, which have an average primary recovery factor of 10%-15%. With ideal tabular reservoir geometry and IOR methods, recovery factor of the Wilcox reservoirs can reach up to 42% of OOIP （origional oil in place） through the field life cycle.

Adsorption mechanism of expanded graphite for oil and dyes

Expanded graphite （r-;G） shows higher adsorption capacity for oils than for dyes. To illustrate the different adsorption mechanism of EG for these pollutants, adsorption capacities of dyes and oil on EG were firstly studied. And then stepwise adsorption for oils was carried out with EG which has been saturated firstly by dyes, the difference between adsorbance of oil on EG was checked with deviation analysis. Scanning electronic microscopy （SEM） analysis was used to show structure difference of EG adsorbed different adsorbates. These used adsorbates were SD300 oil, basic fuchsine, Auramine lake yellow O and acid brilliant red 3B. The adsorption isotherm of dyes on EG is type 11 or type 1, and their equilibrium adsorbances are less than 1.0 g/g. While, adsorbance for SD300 oil can reach 104.5 g/g. Deviation analysis for stepwise adsorbances of oil shows no statistical significance. EG saturated firstly by dyes, still has an average adsorption capacity of 35 g/g for SD300 oil, and it does not change with the initial dyes concentration. SEM photos illustrate the adsorption of oil on EG is mainly filling, In the adsorption of dyes, there is severe breakage of the V-type pore and shrinkage of the particle. Kinetic difference is analyzed also.

Scalable preparation of functionalized graphite nanoplatelets via magnetic grinding as lubricity-enhanced additive

Graphite nanoplatelets were prepared by a novel magnetic-grinding method using self-made equipments. Under a variant magnetic field, magnetic needles collided at a high rotating speed and exfoliated pristine graphite into graphite nanoplatelets with high efficiency. The obtained graphite nanoplatelets are highly crystalline, and the thickness is less than 10 nm. Moreover, the surface area could reached 738.1 m^2/g with a grinding time of 4 h. Silanized graphite nanoplatelets can disperse well in SG 15W-40 engine oil and serve as lubricant additive. Tribological results indicate that the friction coefficient and wear-scar of the friction pairs are lower than 76% and 41%, respectively, by adding 1.5‰(mass fraction) of silanized graphite nanoplatelets. Notably, the functionalized graphite nanoplatelets can realize large-scale production and commercial application.

An Evaluation of Nearshore Sediment Data after the Deepwater Horizon Blowout

The deepwater horizon blowout led to the release of 4.9 million barrels of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico （GOM）. Here the paper analyzes available sediment datasets to determine whether changes in petrogenic contaminants are evident in GOM sediment following the blowout. Locations sampled by EPA （Environmental Protection Agency）, British Petroleum （BP） and NOAA （National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration） were reduced and grouped into 46 similar locations and analyzed. Eleven groups suggested an increase in PAIl （polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon） and nickel, one group showed a statistically significant increase in Phenanthrene. Four locations were analyzed for time trends and differences between initial and peak concentrations of oil range organics （ORO）, diesel range organics （DRO）, vanadium and nickel. One location had significant increases in ORO, DRO and vanadium and a suggestive increase in nickel. Correlations between ORO/DRO, ORO/V, ORO/Ni, V/Ni were computed （RE= 0.85, 0.67, 0.64, 0.92, respectively）. Overall, the analyses suggest that future monitoring should employ a sampling strategy that coordinates response sampling to previously sampled locations, such that baseline datasets can be used in detection of event associated contamination.

Flexible high-performance microcapacitors enabled by all-printed two-dimensional nanosheets

Chemically exfoliated nanosheets have exhibited great potential for applications in various electronic devices.Solution-based processing strategies such as inkjet printing provide a low-cost,environmentally friendly,and scalable route for the fabrication of flexible devices based on functional inks of twodimensional nanosheets.In this study,chemically exfoliated high-k perovskite nanosheets(i.e.,Ca_(2)Nb_(3)O_(10)and Ca_(2)NaNb_(4)O_(13))are well dispersed in appropriate solvents to prepare printable inks,and then,a series of microcapacitors with Ag and graphene electrodes are printed.The resulting microcapacitors,Ag/Ca_(2)Nb_(3)O_(10)/Ag,graphene/Ca_(2)Nb_(3)O_(10)/graphene,and graphene/Ca_(2)NaNb_(4)O_(13)/graphene,demonstrate high capacitance densities of 20,80,and 150 nF/cm^(2) and high dielectric constants of 26,110.and 200,respectively.Such dielectric enhancement in the microcapacitors with graphene electrodes is possibly attributed to the dielectric/graphene interface.In addition,these microcapacitors also exhibit good insulating performance with a moderate electrical breakdown strength of approximately 1 MV/cm,excellent flexibility,and thermal stability up to 200℃.This work demonstrates the potential of high-k perovskite nanosheets for additive manufacturing of flexible high-performance dielectric capacitors.