石油碳氢化合物污染含水层的快速氧化还原进程

搜集的六年地下水化学数据显示，经过一段时间后。被石油类碳氢化合物污染的浅含水层的污染物的分布和氧化还原进程已发生了快速的变化。在1990年发生石油泄漏后不久，大量的苯存在于污染源地区，在受污染的地区，地下水中的溶解氧被消耗掉。截止到1994年，Fe(Ⅲ)和硫酸盐的减少是显著的晚期电子接收过程。非常有意义的是，1994年的溶解甲烷在测量下限以下。这暗示了缺乏有意义的甲烷群。然而，到1996年，含水层沉积物中固相Fe(Ⅲ)的氢氧化物的消耗和地下水中溶解硫酸盐的消耗导致了甲醇类的大量繁殖。在1996年—2000年期间，水化学数据显示甲醇类的新陈代谢更加普遍了，对沉积物的萃取物16s-rDNA进行分子分析，显示了更加多元化的甲醇类的存在，相对于污染羽中心的外面，它和水化学数据反映的变化是一致的。该快速氧化还原过程反映了几种因素，包括大量污染物，相对快速的地下水流动(0．3m／day)(1foot／day)和原始存在于含水层沉积物中的可由细菌引起减少的低浓度Fe(Ⅲ)氢氧化物(1umol／g)。这些结果表明，在一定水文条件下受石油碳氢化合物污染含水层中的氧化还原条件。在时间和空间上能快速发生变化，并且有效的固相Fe(Ⅲ)的氢氧化物影响了变化的速度。

土壤粒度对石油微生物降解行为的影响

[目的]探究生物降解石油污染土壤过程中土壤组成粒度与有机物之间的各种相互作用。[方法]对用石油污染土壤的不同来源（土层深度不同）不同土壤粒度（〈63μm;63~2 000μm）进行生物降解试验。[结果]新污染的浅层土壤石油碳氢化合物（TPH）的降解率达到52.2%,而深层土壤内的TPH降解率较低。污染时间较长的土壤TPH降解率较新污染的土壤要低很多。在所有试验中,正烷烃都已耗尽。随着土壤老化,浅层土壤生物降解效果明显,大颗粒土壤几乎没有被降解。经GC-FID分析,平衡碳原子数（ECN）〉15~20的TPH难以降解。这种现象在深层土壤中比浅层土壤中更明显,说明土龄影响化合物成分的分布;老化的土壤具有相同成分：高分子结构ECN〉15。[结论]该研究为石油污染土壤生物修复过程中石油微生物的利用提供参考。

石油工业含油污泥的无害化处理技术及应用

含油污泥是石油工业产生的最主要的固体废弃物之一。由于含油污泥的危害性,有效地处理含油污泥具有非常重要的意义。含油污泥中石油碳氢化合物的去除也引起了广泛关注。本文对含油污泥的无害化处理技术进行了着重介绍,包括焚烧、稳定/凝固、生物降解技术以及氧化技术(超临界水氧化(SCWO)、O_(3)氧化和芬顿氧化)来实现对有机物的降解。并对今后含油污泥的处理也提出了建议及意见。

石油烃污染土壤生物修复过程中微生物的降解效率

石油碳氢化合物目前是环境中最常见的污染物,而油田、焦化厂、固废拆解厂等场地容易受到碳氢化合物污染的威胁。相较于其他技术,生物修复技术具有成本效益高、可完全矿化等优点,因此利用微生物降解土壤中的石油碳氢化合物是一个很有前途的战略技术。本文总结了生物修复技术的影响参数、微生物的多样性以及典型细菌对碳氢化合物的降解潜力,为更好地运用生物修复技术提供理论依据。

Application of a Step-by-Step Fingerprinting Identification Method on a Spilled Oil Accident in the Bohai Sea Area

In recent years,oil spill accidents occur frequently in the marine area of China.Finding out the spilled oil source is a key step in the relevant investigation.In this paper,a step-by-step fingerprinting identification method was used in a spilled oil accident in the Bohai Sea in 2002.Advanced chemical fingerprinting and data interpretation techniques were used to characterize the chemical composition and determine the possible sources of two spilled oil samples.The original gas chromatography -flame ionization detec-tion (GC-FID) chromatogram of saturated hydrocarbons was compared.The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) chromatograms of aromatic hydrocarbons terpane and sterane,n-alkane and poly-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed.The correlation analysis on diagnostic ratios was performed with Student’s t-test.It is found that the oil fingerprinting of the spilled oil (designated as sz1) from the polluted sand beach was identical with the suspected oil (designated as ky1) from a nearby crude oil refinery factory.They both showed the fingerprinting character of mixed oil.The oil fingerprinting of the spilled oil (designated as ms1) collected from the port was significantly different from oil ky1 and oil sz1 and was with a lubricating oil fingerprint character.The identification result not only gave support for the spilled oil investigation,but also served as an example for studying spilled oil accidents.

Petroleum geological framework and hydrocarbon potential in the Yellow Sea

Sedimentary basins in the Yellow Sea can be grouped tectonically into the North Yellow Sea Basin (NYSB), the northern basin of the South Yellow Sea (SYSNB) and the southern basin of the South Yellow Sea (SYSSB). The NYSB is connected to Anju Basin to the east. The SYSSB extends to Subei Basin to the west. The acoustic basement of basins in the North Yellow Sea and South Yellow Sea is disparate, having different stratigraphic evolution and oil accumulation features, even though they have been under the same stress regime since the Late Triassic. The acoustic basement of the NYSB features China-Korea Platform crystalline rocks, whereas those in the SYSNB and SYSSB are of the Paleozoic Yangtze Platform sedimentary layers or metamorphic rocks. Since the Late Mesozoic terrestrial strata in the eastern of the NYSB (West Korea Bay Basin) were discovered having industrial hydrocarbon accumulation, the oil potential in the Mesozoic strata in the west depression of the basin could be promising, although the petroleum exploration in the South Yellow Sea has made no break-through yet. New deep reflection data and several drilling wells have indicated the source rock of the Mesozoic in the basins of South Yellow Sea, and the Paleozoic platform marine facies in the SYSSB and Central Rise could be the other hosts of oil or natural gas. The Mesozoic hydrocarbon could be found in the Mesozoic of the foredeep basin in the SYSNB that bears potential hydrocarbon in thick Cretaceous strata, and so does the SYSSB where the same petroleum system exists to that of oil-bearing Subei Basin.

Bioremediation of Oil Spills in Cold Environments: A Review

Oil spills have become a serious problem in cold environments with the ever-increasing resource exploitation, transportation, storage, and accidental leakage of oil. Several techniques, including physical, chemical, and biological methods, are used to recover spilled oil from the environment. Bioremediation is a promising option for remediation since it is effective and economic in removing oil with less undue environmental damages. However, it is a relatively slow process in cold regions and the degree of success depends on a number of factors, including the properties and fate of oil spilled in cold environments, and the major microbial and environmental limitations of bioremediation. The microbial factors include bioavailability of hydrocarbons, mass transfer through the cell membrane, and metabolic limitations. As for the environmental limitations in the cold regions, the emphasis is on soil temperatures, freeze-thaw processes, oxygen and nutrients availability, toxicity, and electron acceptors. There have been several cases of success in the polar regions, particularly in the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions. However, the challenges and constraints for bioremediation in cold environments remain large.

Calculation of Environmental Capacity of Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Jiaozhou Bay

The method has been established to calculate the environmental capacity (ECO), surplus environment capacity (SECO) of water with respect to marine petroleum hydrocarbons associated with oil (PHAOs) and the self-purification capacity (SPCO) of main self-purification process to PHAOs in the Jiaozhou Bay, China, according to the dynamic model for distribution of marine PHAOs among multiphase environments. The variation of concentration of PHAOs in the Jiaozhou Bay is well simulated by the dynamic model. Based on the model, the ECo, SECo of water with respect to PHAOs in the Jiaozhou Bay were calculated during the last 10 years under the first-class and second-class quality standard requirement, according to SPCO of main self-purification process to PHAOs. The results show that about 200 tons of PHAOs could be discharged into the Jiaozhou Bay for maintaining the first class seawater quality standard, and about 600 tons of PHAOs for the second class seawater quality standard later.

Pollution Condition of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Pollutant and Estimation of Its Environmental Capacities in Summer in the Bohai Sea

The pollution condition of petroleum hydrocarbon (PH) was summarized in the Bohai Sea in this paper. The results showed that the mean concentration of PH was (25.7±13.6) mg/m3, varying from 4.4 to 64.8 mg/m3 in the survey sea area. Laizhou Bay and Bohai Bay have been contaminated badly inshore. The dynamic model for distribution of marine PH among multiphase environments in the Bohai Sea has been established. The environmental capacities (ECO) and surplus environmental capacities (SECO) of PH have been estimated in the Bohai Sea according to the dynamic model. The results showed that the ECo separately were about 29 169 t/a, 177 306 t/a and 298 446 t/a under the first, second and third, fourth class seawater quality standards requirement. And the ECO of Bohai Bay, Liaodong Bay, Laizhou Bay and Central Bohai Sea were about 5 255 t/a, 8 869 t/a, 4889 t/a and 10 156 t/a respectively under the first and second class seawater quality standards requirement.

Study on source rock potential and source rocks spatial distribution in the Manghan Faulted Sag, Kailu Basin

Manghan Faulted Sag is an exploratory target area in Kailu Basin. In order to determine its exploration prospect, the effectiveness of its source rocks is evaluated by organic geochemical behavior analysis of the samples, and their distributions are predicted using trace integration seismic inversion technology. Studies on their organic matter abundance, type and maturity indicate that the source rocks in the Sag have great generating potentials. Furthermore, it is found that, based on the spatial distribution predication, the source rocks in the Sag are well developed. Therefore, the Sag has a promising prospect for exploration.

Prediction of Liquid Viscosities of Petroleum Fractions

A general equation is proposed for predicting the liquid viscosities of petroleum fractions based on a generalized pseudocompound method in which pure hydrocarbons and undefined hydrocarbon mixtures or petroleum fractions are treated as a hypothetical pure substance called pseudocompound which is characterized only by a boiling point and a density. The equation is tested by using the liquid viscosities of the petroleum fractions of typical American crude oils and crude oils from major oil producing areas. Good agreement between the predicted and experimental viscosities for the petroleum fractions is obtained.

Analysis of petroleum hydrocarbons in mangrove sediments of Red Sea of Yemen

A field work has been carried out to identify the occurrence of oil and oil products pollution in mangrove sediment from Red Sea of Yemen. The concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons is from 700ng/g at Kamaran Island station to 400 ng/g at Al-Hodiedah station, and the total organic carbon (TOC) in samples ranges from 0.07% at Dhubab station to 0.03% at Kamaran Island station. This pollution is as a result of localized oil pollution and/or heavy ship traffic in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden.

人工湿地处理受苯、1,4-二氯苯突发性污染的水源水研究

建设现场试验场地,选用4组使用不同填料的组合人工湿地系统,处理突发性事故下受石油类碳氢化合物苯、1,4-二氯苯污染的水源水。研究结果表明:1)4种组合人工湿地系统在突发性事故下均能发挥作用,使复合流人工湿地最不利出水有机物浓度基本降低到原水浓度的30%以下,经过表面流人工湿地后,出水浓度又降低了50%;2)6天后,各组合流人工湿地系统出水的有机物含量接近或低于检测限;3)突发性事故中,各组合人工湿地系统对氨氮去除率没有明显的影响,TP的去除率有不同程度的降低,但仍能保持40%以上的去除率;4)试验中,组合人工湿地系统I在去除水体有机物方面能力最强,系统的稳定性也相对最好。