Controlled illumination and seismic acquisition geometry for target-oriented imaging

The conventional method of seismic data acquisition geometry design is based on the assumption of horizontal subsurface reflectors, which often is not suitable for complex structure. We start from a controlled illumination analysis and put forward a method of seismic survey geometry design for target-oriented imaging. The method needs a velocity model obtained by a preliminary seismic interpretation. The one-way Fourier finite-difference wave propagator is used to extrapolate plane wave sources on the target layer to the surface. By analyzing the wave energy distribution at the surface extrapolated from the target layer, the shot or receiver locations needed for target layer imaging can be determined. Numerical tests using the SEG-EAGE salt model suggest that this method is useful for confirming the special seismic acquisition geometry layout for target-oriented imaging.

Overview on Routes for Development of China's Petroleum Refining Technology

China has formed a complete and packaged system of domestic petroleum refining industry. Till 2020 the demand for petroleum products in China will record a sharp growth. However, China is currently confronted with a shortage of oil resources, unsatisfactory quality of petroleum products, a widening gap between demand and supply of steam cracking feedstocks, and a stern situation in environmental protection.In this context the petroleum refiners of China, while taking into account the actual conditions, should seek for the way of deep processing to produce transportation fuels and chemical feedstocks that can hardly be replaced by other energy forms, continue to bring into full play FCC process as core process for making finished oil products, speed up the development of hydrocracking to achieve integration between refining and chemical production, adopt measures that can combine feedstock pre-treatment, novel FCC technologies and after-treatment of products to improve the quality of finished products, as well as realize the recycling of wastewater and control over air pollution caused by SOx to accelerate the development of petroleum processing industry in China.

Study on source rock potential and source rocks spatial distribution in the Manghan Faulted Sag, Kailu Basin

Manghan Faulted Sag is an exploratory target area in Kailu Basin. In order to determine its exploration prospect, the effectiveness of its source rocks is evaluated by organic geochemical behavior analysis of the samples, and their distributions are predicted using trace integration seismic inversion technology. Studies on their organic matter abundance, type and maturity indicate that the source rocks in the Sag have great generating potentials. Furthermore, it is found that, based on the spatial distribution predication, the source rocks in the Sag are well developed. Therefore, the Sag has a promising prospect for exploration.

Pollution Condition of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Pollutant and Estimation of Its Environmental Capacities in Summer in the Bohai Sea

The pollution condition of petroleum hydrocarbon (PH) was summarized in the Bohai Sea in this paper. The results showed that the mean concentration of PH was (25.7±13.6) mg/m3, varying from 4.4 to 64.8 mg/m3 in the survey sea area. Laizhou Bay and Bohai Bay have been contaminated badly inshore. The dynamic model for distribution of marine PH among multiphase environments in the Bohai Sea has been established. The environmental capacities (ECO) and surplus environmental capacities (SECO) of PH have been estimated in the Bohai Sea according to the dynamic model. The results showed that the ECo separately were about 29 169 t/a, 177 306 t/a and 298 446 t/a under the first, second and third, fourth class seawater quality standards requirement. And the ECO of Bohai Bay, Liaodong Bay, Laizhou Bay and Central Bohai Sea were about 5 255 t/a, 8 869 t/a, 4889 t/a and 10 156 t/a respectively under the first and second class seawater quality standards requirement.

Integration and Optimized Utilization of Naphtha Resources

Naphtha is an important raw material for manufacture of clean fuels and ethylene products. However, China is experiencing a serious imbalance between supply and demand of naphtha, due to its rapidly increasing car population and booming ethylene industry, the demand of which cannot be met by the domestic depleting crude oil resources. Focusing on alleviating the above-mentioned naphtha deficit, this paper puts forward an idea suggesting that China＇s limited naphtha resource should be used reasonably. Naphtha feedstocks with more potential aromatic content should be used in catalytic reforming process to produce clean fuel products, and those feedstocks with more paraffinic content should be used in ethylene production. Meanwhile, industry tests show that the low-valued naphtha byproduct from ethylene plants and the products of secondary processing units at refineries can also be applied so as to extend the naphtha supply for manufacture of cleaner fuels and ethylene derivatives.

A Case Study for a Digital Seabed Database: Bohai Sea Engineering Geology Database

This paper discusses the designing plan of ORACLE-based Bohai Sea engineering geology database structure from requisition analysis, conceptual structure analysis, logical structure analysis, physical structure analysis and security designing. In the study, we used the object-oriented Unified Modeling Language (UML) to model the conceptual structure of the database and used the powerful function of data management which the object-oriented and relational database ORACLE provides to organize and manage the storage space and improve its security performance. By this means, the database can provide rapid and highly effective performance in data storage, maintenance and query to satisfy the application requisition of the Bohai Sea Oilfield Paradigm Area Information System.

The challenges facing the oil and gas storage and transportation technology and its developing direction

In recent years, our country is increasingly dependent on the use of the oil resources, and the degree of the oil mining is also continuously upgrading. After the completion of the tasks related to the oil mining in the lands, the technologies for the development of the offshore oil mining are particularly important. Among these problems, after the exploitation, the storage and transportation of the offshore oil and gas is worthy of the discussion of the technical personnel. From the experience of the oil and gas storage and transportation in the long years, in some environmentally degraded areas, there are problems in the efficiency and safety in the long pipeline transportation and the oil and gas mixed transportation, and in the transportation, there are also big shortcomings. In this paper, the author carries on the analysis of the existing questions encountering in our country＇s oil and gas storage and transportation~ and proposes the direction of the researches in the future oil and gas storage and transportation, and the purpose is to better improve the security of Cbina＇s oil and gas storage and transportation and to enhance the efficiency of the use of the oil and gas.

Policies for Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources in China

Regarding the abundant reserves in China, unconventional oil and gas resources has great potential in exploration and development, and may be the significant complement to conventional oil and gas resources. Based on the summary of the reservoir potential and current situation of exploration and development of unconventional oil and gas resources, such as coalbed methane(CBM), shale gas and oil shale, we analyzed the incentive policies proposed to promote the development of unconventional oil and gas industry, including industrial planning, resource management and related tax policy. These policies played an important role in promoting the exploration, development and utilization of unconventional oil and gas resources.

China Should Open up Global Offshore Oil Market Actively

With the development of Chinese economy at high speed continuously for a decade,the oil consumption has entered into a fast increasing phase that with yearly average increase rate of 7.1%.

PetroChina, Central Asia Oil Company Ltd Signed Oil Development Contract

PetroChina and the Central Asia Oil Company Ltd signed a contract of oil development and production for Block 413 in Songliao Basin in Beijing on July 16. This is the first oil development and production contract signed by PetroChina for external cooperation this year.

Chinese Oil Giants Eye Canadian Oil Fields

SinoCanada, a subsidiary of Sinopec International Petroleum Exploration and Development Corporation, and Canada-based Synenco Energy Inc announced on May 31 that they have inked a series of agreements to launch a joint venture for common development of the oil sand project located in Athabasca region of Northeast Canada＇s Alberta Province. Based on the agreements, Sinopec will pay 105 million Canadian dollars （USS84 million） for a stake in Canada＇s Northern Lights oil sands project while Synenco owns the remaining 60 percent share, and will operate the project as the managing partner.

First ERW Ф610 Steel Tube Production Line Brought on Stream

The first domestic ERWФ610 high-frequency straight-seam steel pipe production line was built in Shanghai Zhongyou TIPO Steel Pipe Co Ltd recently. This steel pipe production line initiated inside China has drawn the attention from many enterprises including PetroChina and CNOOC. It is known that the first batch of products have been transported to the construction site of the West-East Gas Transmission Project.

ISSUES ON CHINA′S ENERGY SECURITY

For many years, China has made great strides in constructing a sizeable and stable energy supply system rooted mainly in domestic coal supply. That system, however, is subject to immense strain as a result of rapid economic growth, rising living standard, widespread environmental degradation, limited oil reserves and uneven resources distribution. Industrialization and urbanization since the early 1980s have imposed structural constraints on its traditional coal-based energy supply model. Eventually, China became a net oil-importer in 1993 when ten million tons of crude oil and petroleum products from abroad fed into the local economies of the coastal areas. Such a change meant that energy security has become an increasingly sensitive issue to the central government of China. This paper argues that China could benefit from a more open energy supply by striking to a balance of both domestic and international sources, rather than the traditional mode emphasized on a highly self-sufficiency rate.

Research on energy structure and development strategy from 2010 to 2015 in Qingdao, China

With the fast development of Qingdao's economy, the energy consumption is increasing significantly. In this paper, based on the energy statistic data in Qingdao area from 2010 to 2015,energy consumption structure was analyzed, indicating the existence of single energy structure;that is, coal, petroleum, and natural gas are dominant in the area. Thus, some issues between energy supply and demand have been brought. To solve present problem, we put forward to formulate the development strategy of energy, including energy savings, the exploitation of petroleum and natural gas resources, the development and utilization of renewable energy sources, and energy policy. It is worthy of mentioning that, according to the geological investigation, the shale gas may be abundant in Qingdao area and the gas resource amount estimated is huge. This is our first finding, important for developing unconventional energy and adjusting the energy structure in Qingdao in the future. Therefore, we suggest that Qingdao government should take action to develop local new energy resources for satisfying the energy demand.

From Oil to Renewable Energies： An Ecological Concern

The energetic sector is necessary for productive activity in the world, because energy is one of the most essential economic resources. The energy, at a social-historic level, always has been relevant for the development of any society, and as a country advanced in this field, there is an important increase of their energetic needs, in such a way that all energy supplies are considered as a national security strategy for many countries. This element, the natural resources of their own, their existence and good management are and will be the key for the coming years and decades to achieve the national security in the energetic field, economic development, and environment. This last argument has a great importance for the issues that are generated by an environmental crisis and the greenhouse effect in the world, due to the consumption of energy from oil and coal. All these justify the relevance of performing an analysis of the problems between the energy development and the environment, and both issues are presented in this paper from the economic history point of view.

Progress in Foreign Cooperation of China's Oil Industry

In 2015, China＇s oil companies＇ overseas equity oil has grown steadily to approximately 150 million tonnes. State-owned oil majors have turned from scale-oriented to profit-oriented by adjusting investment speed and optimizing portfolio to improve operating profit of overseas business. The overseas investment of private oil companies mainly focused on two fields： the first is to invest in countries along the Belt and Road （the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road）, and the second is to enter the oil industry of the developed countries by M＆A. Limited progress has been made in ＆e foreign cooperation of domestic upstream sector, while new changes emerged in the foreign cooperation of upstream sector. Some planned projects were postponed or delayed due to domestic or international market changes. Private oil companies, however, began to cooperate with foreign companies in the downstream sector after the former got the right to import crude oil.

Analysis on Resources Utilization of Thermal Power Industry

Based on the analysis and comparison of coal, oil and water consumptions in thermal power plants, thispaper introduces the present state of resources utilization in thermal power industry, and points out that the poten-tial of resources saving lies mainly in cutting down coal consumption and increasing the ratio of large-sized thermalunits. Measures and suggestions for upgrading resources utilization are put forward, such as to optimize coal-firedthermal power structure, develop cogeneration, clean coal combustion techniques and gas-steam combined cycletechniques. The existing thermal power plants shall execute technical retrofits and popularize water saving techniques.

Effects of Insufficient Investment and Overproduction on Iran＇s Oil Production Trend

This paper, using multiple-Hubbert model, forecasts oil production trend of Iran with special focus on Iran＇s insufficient investment for developing recently discovered oilfields and overproduction from mature oilfields. This is mostly due to Iran＇s political and technical limitations to carry out oil and gas projects. The trend of Iran＇s oil production has been forecasted based on a multi-cycle modified Hubbert. Three different scenarios have been assumed. In the first scenario, it is assumed that Iran does not have any limitations to carry out oil and gas projects and develop its oilfields. International sanctions and lack of foreign investment have been taken into account in the second scenario. Overproduction from currently producing mature oilfields and its effect on production trend is investigated in the third scenario. The most important parameter to forecast oil production trend is URR （ultimate recoverable resource）. URR of Iran has been estimated by parabolic fractal curve. Here, based on the plotted parabolic fractal curve for the oil fields, amount of URR of Iran has been calculated that is around 200 Gb. First scenario has two peaks while the second and third scenarios have three peaks. All of the scenarios have forecasted Iran＇s first peak in 1975 at annual production rate of 2 Gb/Year. Based on first scenario, Iran＇s second peak will occur in 2029 at 2.334 Gb/Year. Second scenario has forecasted Iran＇s second and third peaks in 2011 at 1.575 Gb/Year and in 2064 at 2.205 Gb/Year respectively, and third scenario＇s peaks have been estimated to occur in 2011 at 1.573 Gb/Year and in 2061 at 2.030 Gb/Year.

Oil and Gas Resources Management and Environmental Challenges in Nigeria

Nigeria is richly endowed with crude oil and natural gas deposits, which are the country＇s main source of energy and foreign exchange earnings. These deposits are concentrated at the Niger Delta region which has attracted the presence of multinational oil/gas companies to the area. This paper analyses the impact of oil and gas development on the rich biological diversity of the region and its consequences on the development of the region and the nation at large. The paper further reviews the abject poverty of the oil/gas producing communities whose source of livelihoods, fisheries resources, agricultural soils/farmlands, forests, clean water, fresh air and housing are being destroyed due to poor energy resource management. The magnitude of destruction and frustration is reflected in unending conflict and insecurity in the region leading to many shut-in productions which pose a governance challenge as the country＇s economy and development is heavily dependent on oil and gas production.

Unconventional Story： A Future with Shale Gas and Other Unconventional Resources, A Look from Russia

The main achievements in the development of hardly-recoverable resources are currently associated with shale oil and gas. The result of the ＂shale revolution＂ was billions of dollars in losses for oil exporters. The question is how this situation w＇ill be long-lasting or ＂shale bubble＂ will burst. The success of the shale revolution can be not only an economic win or economic defeat of the United States, the question is about reputation as a global political leader and the country＇s ability to solve the most difficult technological problems. Everything at stake to extend the ＂shale gas revolution＂ as it is possible longer, in time to prepare the conditions and technologies for a new energy revolution and to maintain the usual high level of energy consumption. The situation is further complicated by the introduction in the game of OPEC （organization of petroleum exporting countries） causing oil prices dropped below the cost of shale oil. The future of high technology in the production of oil depends on whether exporters and importers to negotiate the best price for oil, to ensure the sustainable development of the world economy.