主要石油资源国营商环境分析及启示

近年来,营商环境备受各界关注,从全球各大机构发布的研究报告,到国务院出台的一系列优化营商环境政策措施,无一不显示出营商环境在企业日常经营中的重要地位。本文将44个主要石油资源国营商环境进行了梳理,分析发现:各石油资源国营商环境差距悬殊,地域差异明显,变化趋势出现分化。各石油资源国积极吸引外商投资,但在企业经营的保障指标方面,各有长短,即便是传统发达国家在“执行合同”和“保护少数投资者”方面的表现也不尽人意。因此,建议一方面,针对不同国家采取差别化战略布局;另一方面,构建针对石油化工行业的营商环境评价体系。

浅谈国际石油合作的风险与防范

国际石油合作是石油资源国与石油消费国之间进行石油经济往来的主要内容之一。文章对国际石油合作中存在的风险进行了分析 ,并提出了防范措施。

Overview on Routes for Development of China's Petroleum Refining Technology

China has formed a complete and packaged system of domestic petroleum refining industry. Till 2020 the demand for petroleum products in China will record a sharp growth. However, China is currently confronted with a shortage of oil resources, unsatisfactory quality of petroleum products, a widening gap between demand and supply of steam cracking feedstocks, and a stern situation in environmental protection.In this context the petroleum refiners of China, while taking into account the actual conditions, should seek for the way of deep processing to produce transportation fuels and chemical feedstocks that can hardly be replaced by other energy forms, continue to bring into full play FCC process as core process for making finished oil products, speed up the development of hydrocracking to achieve integration between refining and chemical production, adopt measures that can combine feedstock pre-treatment, novel FCC technologies and after-treatment of products to improve the quality of finished products, as well as realize the recycling of wastewater and control over air pollution caused by SOx to accelerate the development of petroleum processing industry in China.

Research on energy structure and development strategy from 2010 to 2015 in Qingdao, China

With the fast development of Qingdao's economy, the energy consumption is increasing significantly. In this paper, based on the energy statistic data in Qingdao area from 2010 to 2015,energy consumption structure was analyzed, indicating the existence of single energy structure;that is, coal, petroleum, and natural gas are dominant in the area. Thus, some issues between energy supply and demand have been brought. To solve present problem, we put forward to formulate the development strategy of energy, including energy savings, the exploitation of petroleum and natural gas resources, the development and utilization of renewable energy sources, and energy policy. It is worthy of mentioning that, according to the geological investigation, the shale gas may be abundant in Qingdao area and the gas resource amount estimated is huge. This is our first finding, important for developing unconventional energy and adjusting the energy structure in Qingdao in the future. Therefore, we suggest that Qingdao government should take action to develop local new energy resources for satisfying the energy demand.

ISSUES ON CHINA′S ENERGY SECURITY

For many years, China has made great strides in constructing a sizeable and stable energy supply system rooted mainly in domestic coal supply. That system, however, is subject to immense strain as a result of rapid economic growth, rising living standard, widespread environmental degradation, limited oil reserves and uneven resources distribution. Industrialization and urbanization since the early 1980s have imposed structural constraints on its traditional coal-based energy supply model. Eventually, China became a net oil-importer in 1993 when ten million tons of crude oil and petroleum products from abroad fed into the local economies of the coastal areas. Such a change meant that energy security has become an increasingly sensitive issue to the central government of China. This paper argues that China could benefit from a more open energy supply by striking to a balance of both domestic and international sources, rather than the traditional mode emphasized on a highly self-sufficiency rate.

Policies for Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources in China

Regarding the abundant reserves in China, unconventional oil and gas resources has great potential in exploration and development, and may be the significant complement to conventional oil and gas resources. Based on the summary of the reservoir potential and current situation of exploration and development of unconventional oil and gas resources, such as coalbed methane(CBM), shale gas and oil shale, we analyzed the incentive policies proposed to promote the development of unconventional oil and gas industry, including industrial planning, resource management and related tax policy. These policies played an important role in promoting the exploration, development and utilization of unconventional oil and gas resources.

Unconventional Story： A Future with Shale Gas and Other Unconventional Resources, A Look from Russia

The main achievements in the development of hardly-recoverable resources are currently associated with shale oil and gas. The result of the ＂shale revolution＂ was billions of dollars in losses for oil exporters. The question is how this situation w＇ill be long-lasting or ＂shale bubble＂ will burst. The success of the shale revolution can be not only an economic win or economic defeat of the United States, the question is about reputation as a global political leader and the country＇s ability to solve the most difficult technological problems. Everything at stake to extend the ＂shale gas revolution＂ as it is possible longer, in time to prepare the conditions and technologies for a new energy revolution and to maintain the usual high level of energy consumption. The situation is further complicated by the introduction in the game of OPEC （organization of petroleum exporting countries） causing oil prices dropped below the cost of shale oil. The future of high technology in the production of oil depends on whether exporters and importers to negotiate the best price for oil, to ensure the sustainable development of the world economy.

A National Accounting Framework for the Petroleum Cycle:A Case Study of China

In a world of climate change and socio-economic development, oil is the strategic resource that is closely intertwined and interdependent. Tracing the evolution of petroleum resources flow is fundamental to understanding petroleum supply and demand, and can also serve as the basis for assessing CO2 emissions from petroleum products. This paper aims to provide a petroleum products flow accounting framework that divides petroleum flow into four phases, three flows, three libraries, and two processes, and summarizes the approach to measure and analyze petroleum resources flows. It takes China as an example for empirical research, and finds that： ①China＇s petroleum production, consumption and import have significantly increased over the past two decades, and the combination of increasing demand and limited supply have created an urgent need for China to diversify its petro-leum sources globally to ensure its oil security.②Final consumption accounts for the use of most petroleum products and special attention should be paid to the losses in the petroleum refining process. ③With the exception of crude oil, petroleum product flows among various sectors has changed greatly. Particularly, the flow of petroleum products into transport and residential consumption has trended upward significantly, whereas the flow to industry is trending downward.④CO2 emission data shows that CO2 emission amounts increased rapidly from 456Mt in 1993 to 1517Mt in 2013. Previously, the top three C02 emitters were the industrial sector, the transport sector including the transport, storage and post segments, and the thermal power sector. Currently, the largest emitters are the transport sector, the industrial sector and the residential consumption sector. Finally, poorly demarcated system boundaries and incomplete databases and models constrain research on industry flows of petroleum resources for non-energy use.