试论辽东与辽东半岛山地石质化问题及其防治对策

辽东及辽东半岛山地面积5.4万km^2,占全省总面积的三分之一。植物资源丰富,植被覆盖率高,是我省主要木材生产和中部城市群水源涵养基地。由于长期以来对植被过度开发利用,植被面积减少,类型退化,功能下降,致使水土流失严重,约有6000km^2山地发生石质化,生态环境恶化。本文在调查研究的基础上,将本区山地石质化分为三个类型。重点论述了一直被误认为沙化,而实际是石砾化的过程。对产生山地石质化原因进行了分析,对主要植被类型进行了土壤侵蚀速率观测,估算了裸地临界值。

紫色土丘陵区坡耕地坡面侵蚀响应特征研究

采用人工模拟降雨法,分析了紫色土丘陵区坡耕地坡面侵蚀过程地表石砾化、土层厚度变化及影响因素,利用建立的流失土层厚度计算方程对重庆地区不同土地利用类型流失土层厚度进行了分析。研究表明:(1)在降雨前、3次降雨后、6次降雨后,小区地表石砾覆盖度分别为1.5%,2.4%和12.2%,地表石砾覆盖度与累积产沙量正相关,在相同产沙量条件下,后期降雨侵蚀产沙造成的石砾化程度更为显著;(2)在模拟降雨前期,随着降雨量增大坡面流失土层厚度增加很快,4场降雨后降雨量增大导致的流失土层厚度增长率减少;不同地形因子组合下,累积雨量与流失土层厚度间存在较好的线性关系;(3)重庆地区无措施裸露坡耕地年均流失土层厚度为4.479 mm,大于年均成土厚度,作物覆盖顺坡耕地、作物覆盖横坡耕地、植物篱坡耕地、作物覆盖水平梯地、林地和荒草地年均流失土层厚度分别为1.931,0.728,0.533,0.041,0.001,0.079 mm,均小于年均成土厚度;重庆地区流失土层厚度大小为:渝东南地区>渝中部区>渝东北区>主城区>渝西地区,研究可为重庆市水土保持分区防治提供理论指导。

Behaviour of large post-liquefaction deformation in saturated sand-gravel composites

The laboratory tests on the post-liquefaction deformation of saturated sand-gravel composites were performed to investigate the characteristics of stress-strain relation and the dissipation of pore water pressure by the hollow cylinder apparatus. It is found that the stress-strain response and the dissipation process of pore water pressure are composed of three stages, including the low intensive strength stage, the superlinear strength recovery stage and the sublinear strength recovery stage, and the demarcation points of the curve of pore water pressure are lag behind those of the stress-strain response. The comparison results of the behaviour of large post-liquefaction deformation between saturated sand-gravel composites and Nanjing fine sand show that the low intensive strength stage and the superlinear strength recovery stage of saturated sand-gravel composites are shorter while the sublinear strength recovery stage is longer. A stress-strain model and a dissipation model of excess pore water pressure of liquefied sand-gravel composites are established, in which the initial confining pressure and the relative density can be considered synthetically. And it is found that the predicted results by the two models are in good agreement with experimental data.

Analysis of Morphological Processes in a Disturbed Gravel-Bed River （Piave River）： Integration of LiDAR Data and Colour Bathymetry

The magnitude of river morphological changes are better analyzed through the use of quantitative approaches, wherein resolution accuracy and uncertainty assessment are treated as crucial key-factors. In this sense, the creation of precise DEMs （Digital Elevation Models） of rivers represents an affordable tool to analyze geomorphic variations and budgets, except for wetted areas, where reliable channel digitalization can normally be obtained only using expensive bathymetric surveys. The proposed work aims at improving channel surface models without having available bathymetric sensors, by deriving dry areas elevations from LiDAR data and water depth of wetted areas from aerial photos through a predictive depth-colour relationship. The methodology was applied to two different sub-reaches of the Piave River, a gravel-bed river which suffered severe flood events in 2010. Erosion and deposition patterns were identified through DEM differencing, showing a predominance of scour processes which can lead to channel instability situations. The bathymetric output was compared to other previously-derived models confirming the accuracy of the in-channel elevation estimates. Finally, a discussion on the role played by longitudinal protections during the studied flood events is proposed, focusing the attention on the incidence of two major bank erosions that removed significant volumes of stable areas.

Research of the Late Quaternary Recent Activity of the Middle Segment of Kouquan Fault

Systematic research of the characteristics of late Quaternary activity of the middle part of Kouquan fault has been done through conducting 1∶50000 geologic mapping combining with remote sensing interpretation of spot imaging, field validating and chronology research of the research area. Studies suggest that the middle part of Kouquan fault has had strong activity since the late Quaternary which controls the tectonic evolvement of the nearby mountains and Datong basin. The recent activity of this fault has faulted the sandy gravel layers of T1 terrace and the lower part of dark loessial soils over the terrace on the north of Chanfang village. The maximum vertical displacement is over 3m in the area between Xiaoyukou village and Louzikou village, and to the south of Dayukou village and the north of Emaokou village, the displacement decreases to 0.5m and 0.25m respectively. Based on the recent faulted landforms and combined with dating, we determined the age of recent activity of the fault in the research area to be between 7.71ka B.P. to 3.00 ka B.P. Discussions are made on this in combination with previous research.