我国现行主要稀土矿分解流程的经济技术指标分析

对我国主要稀土矿分解方式进行了阐述,着重讨论了离子吸附型稀土矿、氟碳铈矿和包头白云鄂博矿的典型前处理方式的经济技术指标,对目前最常用前处理方法的投资、生产单耗、成本进行了统计和分析。离子吸附型稀土矿赋存状态奇特,富含高价值中重稀土,但品位低、分布广,多以离子交换的方式开采,环境保护面临的突出问题是植被恢复和废水达标排放;北方矿以轻稀土为主,价值相对较低,原矿品位高,分布集中,露天开采后多以重、磁、浮选工艺选出精矿,然后用煅烧和酸浸结合的工艺进行冶炼,废水和废气以及废渣是环境保护的主题。这些不同稀土矿前处理工艺的特点、发展历史以生产消耗等情况,既可作为稀土生产的投资参考,也可作为稀土企业挖潜改造、提高生产管理水平和环境保护水平的重要依据。

镁粉还原-仲辛醇萃取法从钽铌矿分解液中除Sb的实验研究

从Sb的价态着手,研究了仲辛醇对Sb(Ⅲ)和Sb(Ⅴ)萃取性能的差异,证实在相同的萃取条件下,Sb(Ⅴ)更容易被仲辛醇萃取。在此基础上,采用一定量的镁粉还原钽铌矿分解液中Sb,使高价态Sb转化成低价态Sb,以达到Sb与Ta/Nb分离的目的。实验结果表明,为使Nb2O5产品中Sb含量低于20×10-6,还原条件应采用镁粉用量10g/L、反应5h。

绿肥作物矿化分解对土壤镉有效性的影响研究进展

绿肥是一种生物有机肥,其矿化分解是绿肥作物翻压进入土壤中被微生物分解产生植物可直接利用的物质的过程。绿肥矿化分解可影响土壤镉(Cd)有效性,但绿肥与Cd有效性两者并非简单的线性相关。本文综述分析了绿肥作物矿化分解对土壤Cd有效性的影响及其作用机理。结果表明:在绿肥翻压进入土壤被微生物分解的过程中,土壤中的可溶性有机质、pH值与Eh值、铁还原和微生物群落均影响重金属Cd在土壤中的迁移,可以使重金属Cd固定在土壤中或在植物根系表面沉淀;作物细胞拦截可降低Cd向地上部分的转运,最终只有极少量Cd到达作物的可食用部分。但由于受到绿肥用量、作物品种、土壤理化性状等其他因素的干扰,绿肥对土壤中Cd的修复效果具有不确定性。最后,通过总结分析绿肥对土壤性质的影响和其他因素对绿肥的干扰,阐明了绿肥对土壤中Cd有效性的影响机制。

红土镍矿盐酸浸出工艺及矿物溶解机理研究

在热力学理论分析基础上,常压下采用盐酸浸出红土镍矿中镍、钴等有价金属,探讨了有价金属溶出机理。结果表明:初始盐酸浓度8 mol/L,浸出温度360 K,固液比1∶4,反应时间2 h,镍、钴、锰浸出率分别达到94%,61%和96%,此时铁、镁浸出率为56%和94%。根据热力学计算和浸出机理分析可知,红土镍矿在常压盐酸浸出过程中,各主要矿相溶解先后顺序是:针铁矿>蛇纹石>磁铁矿>赤铁矿。

Non-isothermal thermal decomposition kinetics of high iron gibbsite ore based on Popescu method

The thermal decomposition kinetics of high iron gibbsite ore was investigated under non-isothermal conditions.Popescu method was applied to analyzing the thermal decomposition mechanism.The results show that the most probable thermal decomposition mechanism is the three-dimensional diffusion model of Jander equation,and the mechanism code is D3.The activation energy and pre-exponential factor for thermal decomposition of high iron gibbsite ore calculated by the Popescu method are 75.36 kJ/mol and 1.51×10-5 s-（-1）,respectively.The correctness of the obtained mechanism function is validated by the activation energy acquired by the iso-conversional method.Popescu method is a rational and reliable method for the analysis of the thermal decomposition mechanism of high iron gibbsite ore.

异养细菌在海洋生态系统中的作用

概述异养细菌的分布、生物学特点、对物质矿化分解的作用以及在海洋生态系统物质循环和能量流动中的作用 ;海洋细菌生物量和生产力的研究方法 ;异养细菌在铁限制大洋生态系中的作用 ;国内外对底栖异养细菌生态功能研究的现状 ;

A novel green depressant for flotation separation of scheelite from calcite

Polyaspartic acid(PASP)was used as a novel environmental-friendly depressant,and its inhibition effect on flotation performance of scheelite and calcite using sodium oleate(NaOL)as a collector was investigated by ways of flotation experiments,zeta potential measurement,contact angle measurement and infrared spectroscopic analysis(IR).The results show that PASP exhibits stronger inhibition capability and selectivity than acidified water glass,and the flotation separation of scheelite from calcite can be realized in the presence of 6 mg/L PASP and 20 mg/L NaOL at pH>6.In the presence of PASP,the zeta potential of calcite surface almost keeps unchanged after adding NaOL,and the contact angle decreases sharply.Therefore,it is indicated that PASP significantly decreases the adsorption of NaOL on calcite surface.By contrast,it has no distinct effect on the adsorption of NaOL on the scheelite surface,which is further confirmed by IR results.

Bio-decomposition of rock phosphate containing pyrites by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

Leaching soluble phosphorus from rock phosphate containing pyrites by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (A.f.) is feasible, and the reaction mechanism is as follows. Pyrites are oxidized by A.f. to produce H_2SO_4 and FeSO_4; the rock phosphate is decomposed by H_2SO_4, forming soluble phosphorus compounds; and Fe2+ from FeSO_4 is oxidized to Fe^3+, providing energy for the growth of A. f.. In this process, as H_2SO_4 is produced in the reaction, an acidic condition in the culture medium is formed, which benefits the growth of A. f. and aids both continuous oxidation of pyrites and leaching of soluble phosphorus from rock phosphate. The fraction of phosphorous leached can reach the largest in the presence of 1.0 g/L Fe^3+, 200 mg/L Mg^2+ and 400 mg/L NH_4^+. The optimal technological parameters on the fraction of phosphorous leached are as follows: the volume fraction of inocula of A. f., the mass ratio of pyrites to rock phosphate and the pH value are in ranges of 5%-25%, 3:1-5:1 and 1.8-2.2, respectively.

Decomposition Analysis on Direct Material Input and Dematerialization of Mining Cities in Northeast China

Material dematerialization is a basic approach to reduce the pressure on the resources and environment and to realize the sustainable development. The material flow analysis and decomposition method are used to calculate the direct material input (DMI) of 14 typical mining cities in Northeast China in 1995–2004 and to analyze the demateri- alization and its driving factors in the different types of mining cities oriented by coal, petroleum, metallurgy and multi-resources. The results are as follows: 1) from 1995 to 2006, the increase rates of the DMI and the material input intensity of mining cities declined following the order of multi-resources, metallurgy, coal, and petroleum cities, and the material utilizing efficiency did following the order of petroleum, coal, metallurgy, and multi-resources cities; 2) during the research period, all the kinds of mining cities were in the situation of weak sustainable development in most years; 3) the pressure on resources and environment in the multi-resources cities was the most serious; 4) the petro- leum cities showed the strong trend of sustainable development; and 5) in recent years, the driving function of eco- nomic development for material consuming has continuously strengthened and the controlling function of material utilizing efficiency for it has weakened. The key approaches to promote the development of circular economy of min- ing cities in Northeast China are put forward in the following aspects: 1) to strengthen the research and development of the technique of resources’ cycling utilization, 2) to improve the utilizing efficiency of resources, and 3) to carry out the auditing system of resources utilization.

Dispersion mechanism of nano-magnetite coated with oleate in aqueous carrier

To investigate dispersion mechanism of water-based ferrofluid, the effects of electrolytes on the dispersibility of ferrofluid in the dispersing system with different pH values were discussed. The ζ-potential of magnetic nano-particles was measured to discover the adsorbent state of oleate group on the surface of magnetite particles. The mechanism that coexisting electrolyte influences the dispersibility was studied. The results show that the electrolyte affects the stability of ferrofluid through an effect on the structure of surfactant bilayer adsorption, which was proved by ζ-potential measured. The associated mechanism of steric and electrostatic is dominant in aqueous ferrofluid.

Characterization of an iron oxy/hydroxide(gossan type) bearing refractory gold and silver ore by diagnostic leaching

A detailed characterization of an iron oxy/hydroxide(gossan type) bearing refractory gold/silver ore was performed with a new diagnostic approach for the development of a pretreatment process prior to cyanide leaching. Gold was observed to be present as native and electrum(6-24 μm in size) and associated with limonite, goethite and lepidocrocite within calcite and quartz matrix. Mineral liberation analysis(MLA) showed that electrum is found as free grains and in association with beudantite, limonite/goethite and quartz. Silver was mainly present as acanthite(Ag2S) and electrum and as inclusions within beudantite phase in the ore. The cyanide leaching tests showed that the extractions of gold and silver from the ore(d80: 50 μm) were limited to 76% and 23%, respectively, over a leaching period of 24 h. Diagnostic leaching tests coupled with the detailed mineralogical analysis of the ore suggest that the refractory gold and silver are mainly associated within iron oxide mineral phases such as limonite/goethite and jarosite-beudantite, which can be decomposed in alkaline solutions. Based on these characterizations, alkaline pretreatment of ore in potassium hydroxide solution was performed prior to cyanidation, which improved significantly the extraction of silver and gold up to 87% Ag and 90% Au. These findings suggest that alkaline leaching can be used as a new diagnostic approach to characterize the refractoriness of iron oxy/hydroxide bearing gold/silver ore and as a pretreatment method to overcome the refractoriness.

Experimental Study of Kinetic Properties of Pyrolysis for Conveyor Belt in Coal Mine

The combustion of conveyor belt is a leading factor of mine fire. In this paper, the pyrolysis properties of ordinary conveyor belt and fire-resistant belt were studied experimentally with thermo-gravimetric analysis and derivative thermo-gravimetric analysis, and the curves of pyrolysis properties were achieved. On this basis, the activation energy and reaction order of pyrolysis were obtained in combination with theoretical analysis, aiming to provide data for further numerical simulation and simulating experiment of mine fire.

Nutrient composition,mineral content and the solubility of the proteins of palm weevil,Rhynchophorus phoenicis f.(Coleoptera:Curculionidae)

Adult (ADS) and larva stages of palm weevil Rhynchophorus phoenicis were analyzed for their nutritional potentials using proximate and mineral contents as indices. The early larva stage (ELS) contains the highest moisture content of 11.94% while ADS has the least value of 4.79%. The late larva stage (LLS) has the highest protein content of 10.51% while ADS contains 8.43%. Ash content is highest in ELS with a value of 2.37% and lowest in ADS with a value of 1.43%. ELS and LLS have the highest (22.14%) and lowest (17.22%) fibre contents respectively. The values of potassium, magnesium and iron in ELS were (455.00±21.21), (60.69±2.57) and (6.50±3.40) mg/kg while LLS recorded (457.50±10.61), (43.52±1.37) and (6.00±1.10) mg/kg and ADS recorded (372.50±24.75), (53.31±1.88) and (22.90±3.70) mg/kg. Chromium, phosphorus, nickel, calcium, lead, man- ganese and zinc were also detected. Copper was not detected in any of the samples. In all the developmental stages the protein solubilities were pH dependent with the minimum protein solubilities occurring at acidic pH while the maximum protein solu- bilities occurred at alkaline pH.

Formation of arsenic−copper-containing particles and their sulfation decomposition mechanism in copper smelting flue gas

The heat recovery steam generator(HRSG)of copper smelting generates a large number of arsenic−coppercontaining particles,and the in-situ separation of arsenic and copper is of importance for cutting off environmental risk and realizing resource recovery.The formation of arsenic−copper-containing particles was simulated,the method of in-situ decomposition of arsenic−copper-containing particles by pyrite was proposed,and the decomposition mechanism was confirmed.It was found that particles with high arsenic content were formed in the simulated HRSG,and copper arsenate was liable for the high arsenic content.Pyrite promoted the sulfation of copper,leading to the in-situ decomposition of copper arsenate.In this process,gaseous arsenic was released,and thus the separation of arsenic and copper was realized.

Preparation and characterization of La_(1-x)Ce_xFe_(1-y-n)Co_yRu_nO_3 compounds

The mixed oxides La1 -xCexFe1-y-nCOyRunO3 were prepared by sol-gel method and used as catalysts for NO direct decomposition. The catalysts were characterized by DTA - TG, XRD, IR and BET. XRD analysis reveals that the samples are in a pure perovskite phase in 550 - 650 ℃, and catalyst structure keeps long else 20 decrease, and lattice parameters enhance when Ru is introduced. The characteristic peaks of samples are stronger during a temperature increase, and the particle size grows faster. IR analysis shows that the position and shape of adsorption peaks are almost the same among all samples, but with the Ru content increasing, 600 cm^-1 peak stretches to a high frequency and changes to disorder. The wave numbers move to low frequency when n = 0. 05, yet it doesn＇ t vary obviously when n 〉 0. 05. The BET surface area testifies that particle sizes of all catalysts increase with temperature increasing.

A contrast study on different gasifying agents of underground coal gasification at Huating Coal Mine

To optimize the technological parameter of underground coal gasification （UCG）, the experimental results of air gasification, air-steam gasification, oxygen-enrichment steam gasification, pure oxygen steam gasification and two-stage gasification were studied contrastively based on field trial at the Huating UCG project. The results indicate that the average low heat value of gas from air experiment is the lowest （4.1 MJ/Nm3） and the water gas from two-stage gasification experiment is the highest （10.72 MJ/Nm3）. The gas productivity of air gasification is the highest and the pure oxygen steam gasification is the lowest. The gasification efficiency of air gasification, air-steam gasification, oxygen-enriched steam gasification, pure oxygen steam gasification and two-stage gasification is listed in ascending order, ranging from 69.88% to 84.81%. Described a contract study on results of a field test using steam and various levels of oxygen enrichment of 21%, 32%, 42% and 100%. The results show that, with the increasing of O2 content in gasifying agents, the gas caloricity rises, and the optimal O2 concentration range to increase the gas caloricity is 30%-40%. Meanwhile, the consumption of O2 and steam increase, and the air consumption and steam decomposition efficiency fall.

Study on the pyrolysis behavior of Shendong Shangwan coal and its macerals concentrate

The pyrolysis characteristics of Shendong Shangwan coal and its macerals concentrate were investigated using thermogravimetry （TG） coupled with mass spectrometry （MS）. The evolved gases were analyzed online by MS spectroscopy. The results of TG/DTG （derivative thermogravimetry） show ths vitrinite concentrate has greater weight loss rate and higher volatile yield than the other two samples. More light hydrocarbons C1-C5 are released from the vitfinite concentrate than from the Shendong Shangwan coal and inertinite concentrated in the process of pyrolysis. Three samples have similar shape curves of evolved gases of C2~C5 with different intensities. When the pyrolysis temperature was lower than 418℃, the amount of C6H6 evolved in the process of pyrolysis of inertinite concentrated was higher than that of raw coal and vitrinite concentrate. As the temperature rising, the production rate of C6H6 increased. Below 672℃, C6H6 evolution rate of vitrinite concentrate was far greater than the other two samples; the main evolution temperature range of C7H8 was 400℃ to 700℃ for the three samples. The amount of HE and H20 released first increased and then decreased with the temperature increase while more H2 released for pyrolysis of inertinite concentrated and more H20 released for the pyrolysis of vitrinite concentrate.

SYNTHESIS OF AG(NB_(0.8) TA_(0.2)) O_3 CERAMICS UNDER DIFFERENT AMBIENT CONDITIONS

Different ambient conditions for the synthesis of Ag（Nb0.8Ta0.2）O3 ceramics were investi- gated. The Ag（Nb0.8Ta0.2）O3 powder was synthesized at 950 ℃ under different ambient conditions, and then pressed into disks and sintered between 1060 ℃ and 1100 ℃ respectively. Samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and dielectric measurement. The results show that perovskite Ag（Nb0.8Ta0.2）O3 powder was easier to be synthesized in air than in vacuum at 950℃. Grain size of ceramic samples sintered in air was uniform （about 1 μm） and its dielectric loss was small for its high density. However, the samples decomposed greatly and ceramics could hardly be densified when sintered in vacuum, Thus,. higher atmospheric pressure and oxygen atmosphere would benifit the synthesis of Ag （Nb0.8Ta0.2）O3, and suppress its decomposition at high temperature.

Highly efficient mixed-metal spinel cobaltite electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction

Cation substitution in spinel cobaltites(e.g.,ACo2O4,in which A=Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,or Zn)is a promising strategy to precisely modulate their electronic structure/properties and thus improve the corresponding electrochemical performance for water splitting.However,the fundamental principles and mechanisms are not fully understood.This research aims to systematically investigate the effects of cation substitution in spinel cobaltites derived from mixed-metal-organic frameworks on the oxygen evolution reaction(OER).Among the obtained ACo2O4 catalysts,FeCo2O4 showed excellent OER performance with a current density of 10 mA·cm^-2 at an overpotential of 164 mV in alkaline media.Both theoretical calculations and experimental results demonstrate that the Fe substitution in the crystal lattice of ACo2O4 can significantly accelerate charge transfer,thereby achieving enhanced electrochemical properties.The crystal field of spinel ACo2O4,which determines the valence states of cations A,is identified as the key factor to dictate the OER performance of these spinel cobaltites.

Technological Progress,Structural Change and China's Energy Efficiency

China has witnessed rapid economic development since 1978, and during the time, energy production and consumption developed at a tremendous speed as well. Energy efficiency which can be measured by energy consumption per unit of GDP, however, experienced continuous decrease. Theoretically, the change of energy efficiency can be attributed to industry structural change and technological change. In order to explain the transformation of Chinese energy efficiency, we adopt logarithmic mean Divisia index techniques to decompose changes in energy intensity in the period of 1994-2005. We find that technological change is the dominant contributor in the decline of energy intensity, but the contribution has declined since 2001. The change in industry structure has decreased the energy intensity before 1998, but raised the intensity after 1998. Decomposed technological effects for all sectors indicate that technological progresses in high energy consuming industries such as raw chemical materials and chemical products, smelting and pressing of ferrous metals, manufacture of non-metallic mineral products and household contribute are the principal drivers of China's declining energy intensity.