矿山测量常见问题与预防对策浅析

矿山测量是矿山建设时期和生产时期的重要环节,是均衡生产和指导安全工作的基础,也是一项重要而又比较繁杂的工作。本文主要对矿山测量过程中设计图纸审核方面和井下导线测量工程方面等常见的实际问题进行了探讨,并提出了相关的解决措施。

CORS-RTK技术在矿山测量中的运用

通对CORS-RTK原理的介绍及CORS-RTK优点分析,就CORS-RTK技术在矿山测量中对布设控制点、常规测量、矿山小范围测量和修补测作业中的作用,以及在沉降观测等方面存在着明显优势,结合CORS-RTK存在的一些不足之处,展示了CORS-RTK技术具有定位精度高、实时性强、运用范围广等特点,运用它可以起到节约成本、提高工作效率的作用。

高精度测量技术在矿山法隧道工程中的应用

隧道监控量测是新奥法隧道开挖安全施工的重要保障措施,对精度的要求很高。本文从矿山隧道监控量测的角度出发,阐述高精度测量在矿山隧道监控量测中的应用要点,减少降低误差,提高测量精度,使测量结果更加准确、可靠。

探析无人机在大比例尺矿山地形测图中的应用

随着低空无人机航摄技术在大比例尺矿山地形测图测绘方面的广泛应用,逐渐推动了测绘技术的革新,测量外业工作逐渐由室外转向室内。无人机轻便灵活、成本相对较低,能够克服地形阻隔,大幅节省作业时间,提升作业效率。通过地面无人机操作平台,实现对无人机航空摄影数据进行快速采集、高效传输,并在保证精度的前提下,快速完成矿山地形测图绘制。因此,无人机航空摄影在矿山地形测图测绘方面的应用空间相对较大,其生产成果应用更多元化。

三维可视化集成矿山地测采信息系统

随着我国生产力的发展,工业以及其他行业对于开采业的要求也越来越高。对于开采业来说这既是一次机遇也是一次重大的挑战。沿循以往的开采技术已经不能再适应现如今的发展水平,要想满足社会发展的需求就必须想方设法地去提高开采的技术。以二维平面为基础的三维立体作图技术的产生、发展、成熟使得开采业生产力有了质的飞跃。直观明朗、简洁高效、化复杂为简单的三维作图技术,为我国的以地质研究、提升开采能力以及开采效率为目的的地质研究人员提供了未来的研究方向。

Mechanism,prevention,and control of mining-induced dynamic disasters in underground metal mines in China:Challenges and solutions

Metal mineral resources play an indispensable role in the development of the national economy.Dynamic disasters in underground metal mines seriously threaten mining safety,which are major scientific and technological problems to be solved urgently.In this article,the occurrence status and grand challenges of some typical dynamic disasters involving roof falling,spalling,collapse,large deformation,rockburst,surface subsidence,and water inrush in metal mines in China are systematically presented,the characteristics of mining-induced dynamic disasters are analyzed,the examples of dynamic disasters occurring in some metal mines in China are summarized,the occurrence mechanism,monitoring and early warning methods,and prevention and control techniques of these disasters are highlighted,and some new opinions,suggestions,and solutions are proposed simultaneously.Moreover,some shortcomings in current disaster research are pointed out,and the direction of efforts to improve the prevention and control level of dynamic disasters in China’s metal mines in the future is prospected.The integration of forward-looking key innovative theories and technologies in the abovementioned aspects will greatly enhance the cognitive level of disaster prevention and mitigation in China’s metal mining industry and achieve a significant shift from passive disaster relief to active disaster prevention.

多次RS与GIS技术在矿区量测中的应用

矿产资源的开发利用在促进经济高速发展的同时也给周边地区带来了一系列环境问题与安全隐患。且作为不可再生资源,不加以合理规划的无序开采,会降低工作效率且加速矿产资源的枯竭。随着遥感与地理信息系统技术的发展,时效性高且成本较低的技术手段,逐渐在矿山量测,环境评估,安全监测以及生态修复规划中发挥着重要作用,逐渐取代传统的人工量测层层上报的监测方法,成为矿区生产规划的主要手段。

地测空间信息管理系统的应用

针对当前矿山地测采信息系统开发和应用中存在的问题,结合永新煤矿实际需要,详细阐述了地测空间信息管理系统所采用的关键技术及主要特点,并对该系统的组成和功能实现过程进行了叙述。应用结果表明,地测空间信息管理系统实现了地测管理工作的现代化、信息化和网络化。

Determination of isolation layer thickness for undersea mine based on differential cubature solution to irregular Mindlin plate

The differential cubature solution to the problem of a Mindlin plate lying on the Winkler foundation with two simply supported edges and two clamped edges was derived.Discrete numerical technology and shape functions were used to ensure that the solution is suitable to irregular shaped plates.Then,the mechanical model and the solution were employed to model the protection layer that isolates the mining stopes from sea water in Sanshandao gold mine,which is the first subsea mine of China.Furthermore,thickness optimizations for the protection layers above each stope were conducted based on the maximum principle stress criterion,and the linear relations between the best protection layer thickness and the stope area under different safety factors were regressed to guide the isolation design.The method presented in this work provides a practical way to quickly design the isolation layer thickness in subsea mining.

Mine-hoist fault-condition detection based on the wavelet packet transform and kernel PCA

A new algorithm was developed to correctly identify fault conditions and accurately monitor fault development in a mine hoist. The new method is based on the Wavelet Packet Transform (WPT) and kernel PCA (Kernel Principal Compo- nent Analysis, KPCA). For non-linear monitoring systems the key to fault detection is the extracting of main features. The wavelet packet transform is a novel technique of signal processing that possesses excellent characteristics of time-frequency localization. It is suitable for analysing time-varying or transient signals. KPCA maps the original input features into a higher dimension feature space through a non-linear mapping. The principal components are then found in the higher dimen- sion feature space. The KPCA transformation was applied to extracting the main nonlinear features from experimental fault feature data after wavelet packet transformation. The results show that the proposed method affords credible fault detection and identification.

Application of cepstral analysis to thin beds

This paper provides a detailed description of the cepstrum and its application to computing the thickness of thin beds.By building several models,including models with a single reflection pair,a single layer,wedge model and multi-layered models,and comparing the cepstrum computed for all of them to the actual spacing values we conclude that the results of cepstral analysis are more accurate in predicting the thickness of the thin bed structures.

Determination of volumetric changes at an underground stone mine： a photogrammetry case study

Photogrammetry, as a tool for monitoring underground mine deformation, is an alternative to traditional point measurement devices, and may be capable of accurate measurements in situations where technolo- gies such as laser scanning are unsuited, undesired, or cost-prohibitive. An underground limestone mine in Ohio is used as a test case for monitoring of structurally unstable pillars. Seven pillars were pho- tographed over in a 63 day period, punctuated by four visits. Using photogrammetry, point clouds of the mine geometry were obtained and triangulation surfaces were generated to determine volumes of change over time. Pillar spaUing in the range of 0.29-4.03 m3 of rock on individual rib faces was detected. Isolated incidents of rock expansion prior to failure, and the isolated failure of a weak shale band were also observed. Much of the pillars remained unchanged during the monitoring period, which is indicative of proper alignment in the triangulated surfaces. The photographs of some ribs were of either too poor quality or had insufficient overlap, and were not included. However, photogrammetry was successfully aonlied to multiole ribs in auantifving the oillar geometrv change over time.

Tracer gas measurement and simulation of turbulent diffusion in mine ventilation airways

The effective diffusion coefficients in mine ventilation-flows had been obtained as 4 to 200 m^2/s by matching the measured concentration-time curves with the advec- tion-diffusion equation.The turbulent diffusion coefficients in the simple airways have good agreement with the equation proposed by Taylor.However,for complex airways in operat- ing mines,the evaluated effective diffusion coefficients in the mines show higher values than that calculated by the Taylor's equation.A numerical simulation model using with movements of discrete particles dosed into ventilation flows has been developed to simu- late diffusion phenomena of gas or dust in mine airways.Numerical simulations had been conducted on distribution of tracers in single airways with ordinary profiles of mean velocity velocity fluctuations and Reynolds stress.As one of results,long band of diffused particles is obtained at the single airway of 600 m in length,and large effective diffusion coefficient is evaluated as 20 m^2/s.

Intelligent back analysis of geotechnical parameters for time-dependent rock mass surrounding mine openings using grey Verhulst model

In this paper,we present a new method of intelligent back analysis(IBA)using grey Verhulst model(GVM)to identify geotechnical parameters of rock mass surrounding tunnel,and validate it via a test for a main openings of−600 m level in Coal Mine“6.13”,Democratic People's Republic of Korea.The displacement components used for back analysis are the crown settlement and sidewalls convergence monitored at the end of the openings excavation,and the final closures predicted by GVM.The non-linear relation between displacements and back analysis parameters was obtained by artificial neural network(ANN)and Burger-creep viscoplastic(CVISC)model of FLAC3D.Then,the optimal parameters were determined for rock mass surrounding tunnel by genetic algorithm(GA)with both groups of measured displacements at the end of the final excavation and closures predicted by GVM.The maximum absolute error(MAE)and standard deviation(Std)between calculated displacements by numerical simulation with back analysis parameters and in situ ones were less than 6 and 2 mm,respectively.Therefore,it was found that the proposed method could be successfully applied to determining design parameters and stability for tunnels and underground cavities,as well as mine openings and stopes.

Chaotic time series prediction for surrounding rock's deformation of deep mine lanes in soft rock

Based on the measured displacements,the change laws of the effect of distance in phase space on the deformation of mine lane were analyzed and the chaotic time series model to predict the surrounding rocks deformation of deep mine lane in soft rock by nonlinear theory and methods was established.The chaotic attractor dimension(D) and the largest Lyapunov index(Emax) were put forward to determine whether the deformation process of mine lane is chaotic and the degree of chaos.The analysis of examples indicates that when D>2 and Emax>0,the surrounding rock's deformation of deep mine lane in soft rock is the chaotic process and the laws of the deformation can still be well demonstrated by the method of the reconstructive state space.Comparing with the prediction of linear time series and grey prediction,the chaotic time series prediction has higher accuracy and the prediction results can provide theoretical basis for reasonable support of mine lane in soft rock.The time of the second support in Maluping Mine of Guizhou,China,is determined to arrange at about 40 d after the initial support according to the prediction results.

The main projects and development status of noise forecasting and controlling on working face in coal mine

Noise from the machine on coal working face seriously influenced the miners' physical and mental health, and also, due to the noise, there may be a major hidden danger in safety from accidents as all safety warning signals may be masked by the noise. This paper summarized the features of mine environmental noise on working face, such as the variety of noise sources, the continuity of high intensity and slow attenuation in narrow space, etc.The main projects about noise forecasting and controlling on working face was emphatically expounded;the development status about mines machinery noise mechanism and environmental noise acoustic characteristics of space-time of these main research topics were also introduced.

Approaches to location prognosis of concealed ore deposits (bodies) of productive mines

This paper demonstrates the channels and methods for location prognosis of concealed ore deposits (bodies) in the deep seated and surrounding districts of productive mines in accordance with their special features. The system frame map is built, from quick exploration in the field to the rapid building of a model indoors. The main research points of location prognosis are also discussed in the paper, which include: 1) integrating the location with the surrounding geological areas, microscopic with macroscopic; 2) analyzing and synthesizing all geological information of different levels, depths and aspects; 3) laying stress on mineralization series; 4) paying attention to the study of the distribution law of ore bodies; 5) introducing the theory of nonlinear dynamics of ore forming processes to ordinary static prognosis; 6) the necessity of the geophysical me thod in recovering information of concealed ore bodies; 7) the combination of all kinds of geology, geophysics, geochemistry and remote sensing methods.

Risk evaluation of rock burst through theory of static and dynamic stresses superposition

Rock burst is one of the most catastrophic dynamic hazards in coal mining. A static and dynamic stresses superposition-based(SDSS-based) risk evaluation method of rock burst was proposed to pre-evaluate rock burst risk. Theoretical basis of this method is the stress criterion incurring rock burst and rock burst risk is evaluated according to the closeness degree of the total stress(due to the superposition of static stress in the coal and dynamic stress induced by tremors) with the critical stress. In addition, risk evaluation criterion of rock burst was established by defining the "Satisfaction Degree" of static stress. Furthermore,the method was used to pre-evaluate rock burst risk degree and prejudge endangered area of an insular longwall face in Nanshan Coal Mine in China. Results show that rock burst risk is moderate at advance extent of 97 m, strong at advance extent of 97-131 m,and extremely strong(i.e. inevitable to occur) when advance extent exceeds 131 m(mining is prohibited in this case). The section of two gateways whose floor abuts 15-3 coal seam is a susceptible area prone to rock burst. Evaluation results were further compared with rock bursts and tremors detected by microseismic monitoring. Comparison results indicate that evaluation results are consistent with microseismic monitoring, which proves the method's feasibility.

Research Developments and Prospects on Microseismic Source Location in Mines

Microseismic source location is the essential factor in microseismic monitoring technology, and its loca- tion precision has a large impact on the performance of the technique. Here, we discuss the problem of low-precision location identification for microseismic events in a mine, as may be obtained using conven-tional location methods that are based on arrival time. In this paper, microseismic location characteristics in mining are analyzed according to the characteristics of the mine＇s microseismic wavefield. We review research progress in mine-related microseismic source location methods in recent years, including the combination of the Geiger method with the linear method, combined microseismic event location method, optimization of relative location method, location method without pre-measured velocity, and location method without arrival time picking. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed, along with their feasible conditions. The influences of geophone distribution, first arrival time picking, and the velocity model on microseismic source location are analyzed, and measures are proposed to influence these factors. Approaches to solve the problem under study include adopting information fusion, combining and optimizing existing methods, and creating new methods to realize high-precision microseismic source location. Optimization of the velocity structure, along with applications of the time-reversal imaging technique, passive time-reversal mirror, and relative interferometric imag-ing, are expected to greatly improve microseismic location precision in mines. This paper also discusses the potential application of information fusion and deep learning methods in microseismic source location in mines. These new and innovative location methods for microseismic source location have extensive prospects for development.

Equivalent materials simulation experimental study on bed separations developing and mining subsidence in constant humidity and constant temperature conditions

A new experiment was made on the developing of bed separations and mining subsidence from Tangshan T2192 working face by equivalent materials simulation.The overburden deformation and the developing of bed separations with working face advanc- ing was simulated by a new model.The results show that the maximum value of bed separations moved forward gradually along with the working face advancing;the maxi- mum value of bed separations is 0.31～0.50 times of mining thickness.The key strata have a great influence upon surface subsidence during the overburden movement process.The mechanics parameters of new experiment are fitted with results in fields perfectly.