青海湖底沉积物的矿物物相及有机质保存研究

盐湖沉积环境是烃源岩发育的重要地质环境。本文以青海湖湖底沉积物为例,根据有机质与粘土矿物含量及矿物表面积的关系,分析了矿物学因素对盐湖相富有机质沉积物中有机质保存的影响。研究发现:湖底沉积物中有机质丰富,为上层水中的浮游生物和由河流携带来的陆地高等植物两种来源。矿物物相分析发现沉积物中粘土矿物含量达到32.4%,以伊利石为主。沉积物经密度分离后测试发现,有机碳含量与粘土矿物含量及矿物表面积之间具有很好的正相关性,说明粘土矿物吸附是青海湖底沉积物中有机质的主要赋存形式。

Soil Organic Carbon and Its Fractions Across Vegetation Types:Effects of Soil Mineral Surface Area and Microaggregates

Soil organic carbon(SOC)can act as a sink or source of atmospheric carbon dioxide;therefore,it is important to understand the amount and composition of SOC in terrestrial ecosystems,the spatial variation in SOC,and the underlying mechanisms that stabilize SOC.In this study,density fractionation and acid hydrolysis were used to assess the spatial variation in SOC,the heavy fraction of organic carbon(HFOC),and the resistant organic carbon(ROC)in soils of the southern Hulun Buir region,northeastern China,and to identify the major factors that contribute to this variation.The results showed that as the contents of clay and silt particles(0–50μm)increased,both methylene blue(MB)adsorption by soil minerals and microaggregate contents increased in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm soil layers(P<0.05).Although varying with vegetation types,SOC,HFOC,and ROC contents increased significantly with the content of clay and silt particles, MB adsorption by soil minerals,and microaggregate content(P<0.05),suggesting that soil texture,the MB adsorption by soil minerals,and microaggregate abundance might be important factors influencing the spatial heterogeneity of carbon contents in soils of the southern Hulun Buir region.

The relationship between organic matter and specific surface area in <2 μm clay size fraction of muddy source rock

The adsorption of organic matter(OM)onto clay minerals has long been considered as a significant way of OM preservation in source rock.Here we analyzed the relationship between OM and the specific surface area(SSA)of <2μm clay size fraction isolated from 13 source rock cores collected from Dongying depression.Rock-Eval pyrolysis and N2 adsorption experiment were employed to probe the characteristics of OM and SSA(denoted SBET)in samples before and after OM extraction using trichloromethane.The results indicate that various kinds of OM occurrence coexist in clay size fraction and their contributions to hydrocarbon are different in each period of OM evolution.The occurrence and amount of OM affect the S BET of clay size fraction,and a nonlinear negative correlation between total organic carbon(TOC)and S BET can be recognized.The soluble OM(chloroform extract "A"),mainly stored in the pore space of clay size fraction,shows a negative correlation in amount with S BET.Our data also indicate that free hydrocarbon(S1)was stored mainly in the pore space and/or the surface of clay size fraction,whereas pyrolysis hydrocarbon(S2)was mingled mainly with clay minerals.Therefore,to understand various OM occurrences and their relationship with SBET in the clay size fraction is significant in the study of generation,accumulation,and migration of hydrocarbon in muddy source rock.

页岩的深部风化特征和超微孔隙度发育——项中子研究

在萨斯奎汉纳／页岩山（susquehanna／shaleHills）观测站（SSHO），我们利用小角度和超小角度的中子散射（SANS／USANS）研究了正在风化的罗斯山（RoseHill）组页岩的超微尺度特征的演化。这里称为中子散射（NS）的SANS／USANS技术可以描述大小为3nm上下到几个微米的孔隙。利用NS研究了在山顶用气动钻获取的页岩碎片（“风化岩”）或手控螺旋钻获取的页岩碎片（“风化层”）。可以推测大约在20m深度溶蚀作用已使铁白云石在基岩中消失，而用于NS研究的所有页岩碎片都采自这一铁白云石溶蚀带的上方。NS研究证实，无铁白云石岩石的总体积有5—6％是由分隔的粒内孔隙构成的。在5m深度，孔隙度和表面积的突然增大对应于有关风化岩中长石溶蚀作用的开始，因而其主要成因可以归结为15000年前开始的冰穿边缘作用。在风化岩一风化层界面以下几十厘米处，由于绿泥石和伊利石开始发生溶解，所以孔隙度和表面积也有明显增加。这些黏土矿物的溶解反应促进了风化岩向风化层的转化。在整个风化层，页岩碎片的粒内孔隙连接成为较大的粒问孔隙，而散射特征也由深处的体分形变为接近地表的面分形。孔隙形态也由深处的各向异性变为最上部的各向同性，前者可能与早先的大地构造活动在岩石中形成的铅笔劈理有关，而后者的成因在于黏土的风化。在风化作用最强烈的风化层，高岭石和氢氧化铁发生沉淀，堵塞了一部分连通的孔隙。这些沉淀物的出现以及因黏土风化而使更多石英暴露出来，都对最上部样品的矿物一孔隙界面面积的下降有作用。 这些观测结果符合SSHO的基岩一风化岩一风化层的转化，其原因在于：（1）有反应物（即水、氧气等）运移进入了原生孔隙和由构造事件和冰川边缘效应所形成的裂缝中；（2）矿物一水反应以及颗粒的损失使孔隙度增大，也使进入岩石的水增加。从深处到浅部，矿物一水反应可以从基本由运移控制的状态变为由动力学控制的状态，前者的孔隙度大体上是由早先的大地构造活动确定的，而后者的孔隙度会因气候推动的作用而发生变化。