辽宁东部山区几种主要森林植被类型土壤矿质层蓄水能力分析

对辽宁东部山区具有代表性的油松林、落叶松林、红松林、柞木林、杂木林及灌丛6种植被类型的土壤蓄水能力及其影响因素进行了比较研究。结果表明 ,各植被类型80cm土层的总蓄水能力为362.0～422.2mm,平均值为387.2mm ;80cm土层的有效蓄水能力为102.4～182.2mm,平均值为156.5mm,都表现为阔叶林大于针叶林,灌丛居于中间。棕壤和暗棕壤无论是总蓄水能力还是有效蓄水能力都表现出阔叶林大于针叶林。植被类型、土壤种类及土壤层次对非毛管孔隙度有显著影响。植被类型对非毛管孔隙度的作用特点是阔叶林大于针叶林,灌丛居于中间 ;土壤类型的作用特点是棕壤大于暗棕壤 ;土壤层次的作用特点是A层>B层>C层。本研究对于科学地评价该地区水源涵养林的水文效益。

天目山森林土壤的水文生态效应

天目山主峰海拔高逾1500m,由山麓到山顶形成四个森林植被垂直带谱,包括七个森林类型,即常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、落叶阔叶林、山顶灌丛—矮林、针叶林、针阔混交林和竹林。调查研究表明,各类型森林枯落物(层)的现存量、组成成分、持水率、持水量等均不相同。森林土壤(矿质层)的主要物理性质因森林类型而不同,并均随着土壤的深度呈某种规律性变异。森林土壤的持水量主要受土壤孔隙度的影响。在天目山地区,森林土壤的持水量较非林地土壤(荒草地)为高;落叶阔叶林类型的土壤持水量,常较针叶林类型为高。

Study on the outburst prone of different fault sides

Most outbursts of gas and coal occur along geological structural zones during mining. Recent research revealed that most outbursts occurred on the downthrow sides of faults, and the key reason is that the outburst coal,often known as tectonic coal or soft coal, mainly exists on the downthrow wall of faults-hanging of normal faults or footwall of reverse faults. This paper will mainly discuss the outburst prone on different sides of faults and its causes.

Algorithm study of transient response of vertical magnetic bipolar source in whole space plane layered medium

For some time, whole space feature as a theoretical problem has been a puzzle in mining transient electromagnetic method （TEM）. We have introduced a detailed method of calculating the transient response of a vertical magnetic bipolar source in a whole space plane layered medium in order to obtain whole space features. After designing a whole space plane layered medium model, equations were established based on boundary conditions in terms of electromagnetic vector potential. Expressions of electromagnetic fields were obtained by solving these equations. The expressions were computed by the Hankel transform after dispersion. The results in a frequency domain were changed into a time domain by using a multinomial cosine transform method. The expressions were correctly validated by comparing them with the analytical solution in half space. The half space and whole space results show that the whole space features are dear, suggesting that the theory of half space is not suitable for the whole space. Our algorithm supplied the technical instrument for studying the distributed features of whole space transient electromagnetic fields.

JUNCTION BETWEEN GANJIANG FAULT AND TANLU FAULT AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE TO MINERALIZATION

The concept of fault junction is proposed to describe the relationship between the two faults by the authors. The junction relationship between Ganjiang and Tanlu faults is analyzed in this paper, and this has been elucidated through numerical simulation about the tectonic stress field analysis. Numerical simulation of the tectonic stress field conducted for the major mineralization stage of the Jiujiang-Ruichang junction area reveals that the stress field of the junction structure at the major mineralization stage shows a relatively close relationship with the formation of the ore deposits (occurrences).

Geological structure, composition of ores and age of the Bamsk gold deposit, Amur region, Russia

The Bamsk gold-ore deposit is located in the Amur region, the Far East of Russia. It is confined to the Early Cretaceous volcanic-plutonic uplift of central type, located in the Stanov folded-clumpy Pre-Cambrian system. The deposit is presented by a series of gold-bearing quartz and carbonate-quartz vein-stringer zones. They are confined to the super-intrusive zone of the Nevachansk subvolcanic intrusion of sienite-porphyric composition. The mineralization is being controlled by zone of fractures developed in the autochthone of the Bamsk fault. Quartz, carbonates and sericite prevail in the composition of ores. The quantity of ore minerals doesn’t exceed 1%～5%. Pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena and native gold are widely spread. Sheelite, gold and silver tellurides, sulphobismuthites, acanthite, sphalerite and cinnabar are less developed. Four stages of mineralization have been distinguished. Gold-sulphide-sulphosalt ore with tellurides of gold and silver is productive for gold. The following set of elements is typomorphic for the ores of the deposit: Au, Ag, Cu, Bi, Mo, Pb and Sb(W1, Pb1, Mo)-Cu-(Ag, Bi, Sb, Mn, W2, Pb2)form the vertical series of zoning. Rocks, enclosing the mineralization are exposed to the processes of listvenitization-beresitization. The processes of gumbeization and argillization are less manifested. The age of the gold mineralization, determined by Rb-Sr method on ore-accompanying minerals, is 130.6 Ma.

THEORY AND TECHNOLOGY FOR HARD ROOF CONTROL OF LONGWALL FACE IN CHINESE COLLIERIES

This paper introduced systematically the present situation of the research on theory and technology for hard roof control of coal face in Chinese collieries.

Sulfi de ore prospecting in carbon-containing stratum using comprehensive time-domain induced polarization and controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotellurics

Carbon-bearing stratum normally features low resistance and high polarization.If the lithostratigraphy of the exploration area contains large amounts of carbon,the induced polarization anomaly caused by metal sulfide ore bodies will be inundated by the high polarization of carbon-containing wall rock.In this work,we adopted time-domain induced polarization(TDIP)and controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotellurics(CSAMT)on deep prospecting of the carbon-bearing stratum of the Ar Horqin Banner,Inner Mongolia.The underground medium is divided into target geologic bodies according to the geological information within the known exploration line borehole,and the physical properties of various target geologic bodies are calculated using weighted averages to build a geologic-geophysical model that can fit the observation data.Consequently,we can determine the range and morphological characteristics of the electrical properties of the ore-bearing geologic bodies in the inversion results in the study area.Then we can use the characteristics summarized from the known exploration line to interpret unknown exploration line.Results indicated that,when the diff erence in physical properties between the ore body and interference wall rock is not clear,the geologic body can be classifi ed via the paragenetic(associated)assemblage relations of the underground medium.Geological interpretation is guided by the comprehensive physical properties of ore-bearing geologic bodies to avoid interferences.

Rock mechanical investigation of strata loading characteristics to assess caving and requirement of support resistance in a mechanized powered support longwall face

Longwall mining is one of the most acclaimed and widely used in underground method for coal extraction. The interaction of powered supports with the roof is the key issue in strata mechanics of longwall mining. Controlled caving of rock mass is a prerequisite pro thriving exploitation of coal deposits by longwall retreat with caving technique and support resistance has evolved as the most promising and effective scientific tool to predict various aspects related to strata mechanics of such workings. Load density,height of caving block, distance of fractured zone ahead of the face, overhang of goaf and mechanical strength of the debris above and below the support base have been found to influence the magnitude of load on supports. Designing powered support has been attempted at the different countries in different methods. This paper reviews the mechanism of roof caving and the conventional approaches of caving behaviour and support resistance requirement in the context of major strata control experiences gained worldwide. The theoretical explanation of the mechanism of roof caving is still continuing with consistently improved understanding through growing field experiences in the larger domain of geo-mining conditions and state-of-art strata mechanics analysis and monitoring techniques.

Optimum mining method selection using fuzzy analytical hierarchy process–Qapiliq salt mine,Iran

Mining method selection is the first and the most critical problem in mine design and depends on some parameters such as geotechnical and geological features and economic and geographic factors. In this paper, the factors affecting mining method selection are determined. These factors include shape, thick- ness, depth, slope, RMR and RSS of the orebody, RMR and RSS of the hanging wall and footwall. Then, the priorities of these factors are calculated. In order to calculate the priorities of factors and select the best mining method for Qapiliq salt mine, Iran, based on these priorities, fuzzy analytical hierarchy process （AHP） technique is used. For this purpose, a questionnaire was prepared and was given to the associated experts. Finally, after a comparison carried out based on the effective factors, between the four mining methods including area mining, room and pillar, cut and fill and stope and pillar methods, the stope and nillar mining method was selected as the most suitable method to this mine.

Technology of gas drainage and utilization in Huaibei mining area

With the characteristics of coal seam geology and gas occurrence,a'ground-underground' integrated gas drainage method was formed,which can relieve gaspressure and increase permeability by mining the protection seams in conditional regions.After coal seam gas drainage,high gas outburst seam was converted to low gas safetyseam.In the coal face mining process,safety and high efficient coal mining were realizedby the measure of gas-suction over mining.In addition to the drainage gas for civil gasand gas power generation,the Huaibei Mining Group has actively carried out research onthe utilization technology of methane drainage by ventilation.On the one hand,it can saveprecious energy;on the other hand,it can protect the environment for people's survival.In2007,the amount of coal mine gas drainage was 120 hm3;the rate of coal mine gasdrainage was 44%.Compared with the year 2002,the amount of coal mine gas drainageincreased by two times.Meanwhile,the utilization rate of gas increased rapidly.

THRUST NAPPE STRUTRUE IN THE JINGGANG MOUNTAIN: CHARACTERISTICS AND SIGNIFICANCE FOR PROSPECTION OF ORE DEPOSITS

Nappe structure, as was first discovered by the authors during the regional geological survey at the scale of 1:50,000 in The Jinggang Mountain, is mainly comprised of a series of NNE-NE-striking thrust fault zones and thrust sheets among them. Sinian, Cambrian, Ordovician, Devonian, Carboniferous,Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous strata are involved in the thrust nappe system. The nappe structure is of the type of duplex structures formed as a result of the earlier stage migration from SE to NW and late stage migration from E to W of sedimentary cover or basement strata. Formation of the nappe structure in the studied area involves two main epochs: Early Yanshanian and Late Yanshanian to Early Himalayan. The mineral deposits and the buried coalfields in the area, especially the latter, are extensively controlled by the nappe structure.

川西亚高山3种典型森林土壤碳矿化特征

为了解森林转化对土壤碳矿化过程的影响,采用室内培养法对川西亚高山3种典型森林(天然林、桦木次生林和云杉人工林)土壤碳矿化过程进行219 d的动态监测.结果表明,3种森林土壤碳矿化速率随培养时间增加而下降,矿化积累量随时间增加而增加,土壤有机层碳矿化速率和积累量均显著高于对应矿质土壤层;在土壤有机层,天然林和桦木次生林土壤碳矿化速率和积累量均显著高于云杉人工林,而在矿质土壤层3种森林无显著差异.培养结束时,3种森林有机层矿化积累量占总有机碳比值分别为11%、8%和11%,矿质土壤层分别为4%、6%和4%.森林群落、土壤层次和培养时间及三者交互作用对土壤碳矿化和积累量均有显著影响.土壤生物化学特性与土壤碳矿化率和积累量显著相关.单指数模型能很好地拟合土壤碳矿化特征.综上所述,森林转化对川西亚高山土壤碳矿化影响显著,主要表现在土壤有机层.

川西亚高山3种典型森林土壤氮矿化特征

采用室内培养法对川西亚高山3个典型森林群落(天然林、云杉人工林和桦木次生林)有机层和矿质层土壤铵态氮(NH_4^+-N)、硝态氮(NO_3^--N)积累量及净氮矿化速率进行测定.结果表明:培养4周后,天然林、云杉人工林和桦木次生林土壤有机层铵态氮含量分别增加356.85%、258.33%和176.81%,硝态氮含量分别增加872.92%、326.25%和120.32%,净氨化速率、净硝化速率和净氮矿化速率总体表现为天然林>桦木次生林>云杉人工林.方差分析表明,森林类型和土壤层次及其交互作用对土壤无机氮积累量和矿化速率均有显著影响.土壤净氮矿化速率和土壤初始化学性质之间存在显著相关关系.综上所述,森林转化显著影响川西亚高山森林土壤氮矿化潜力,主要体现在土壤有机层;川西亚高山土壤净氮矿化速率在很大程度上受控于底物数量和质量.

Trace elements and stable isotopic geochemistry of an Early Cambrian chert-phosphorite unit from the lower Yurtus Formation of the Sugetbrak section in the Tarim Basin

A chert-phosphorite unit from the Sugetbrak section in the Tarim Basin was analyzed for rare earth elements(Ce,Eu),redox sensitive proxies,and carbon isotopic compositions(??13C carb and??13C org)in the lower Yurtus Formation of the Early Cambrian period.Redox sensitive element ratios(Th/U,V/Cr,Ni/Co,and V/Sc)were employed to determine the palaeoenvironmental conditions during this period.The ratios indicated that the depositional environment of the chert-phosphorite-black shale unit ranged from suboxic to anoxic.Negative Ce and positive Eu anomalies in the chert-phosphorite assemblages of the studied Yurtus Formation indicated the existence of a redox-stratified ocean,similar to that of South China.Overturn or upward expansion of the deep water-mass probably reached the shallow marine zone after the formation of the Yurtus phosphorites.The characteristics of the negative Ce anomaly may be due to phosphoritic inheritance from the Ce-depleted signature of the overlying water column.Subsequent hydrothermal inputs and reduced detrital supplies of the deep water caused by the upwelling affected certain redox sensitive elements in the sedimentary basin.??13C carb and??13C org negative excursions in the Yurtus chert-phosphorite unit may be related to a transgression phase when episodic basinal upwelling moved12C-and P-rich waters from the pelagic basin floor to the continental shelf.Although carbon isotopic compositions in the Yurtus chert-phosphorite assemblages may have suffered from diagenetic alteration,they can be used to probe diagenetic conditions.Multi-proxy geochemical studies indicated that the??13C carb values of the Yurtus chert-phosphorite assemblages might be considered reflections of a predominantly suboxic environment that was subsequently affected by hydrothermal inputs due to the upwelling.