节理倾角对砂岩强度及物理特征的影响

节理岩体广泛存在于实际工程中,深入研究节理倾角对岩体强度和物理特征的影响,对节理岩体工程稳定性研究具有重要的意义。通过完整及含不同节理倾角岩样在不同围压下的三轴加载破坏试验及声波测试试验,探讨了节理倾角对砂岩强度及物理特性的影响规律。试验结果表明:(1)随着节理倾角的变化,岩样纵波波速衰减率有所不同,节理倾角为60°时岩样波速衰减率最大。(2)节理岩样的弹性模量随倾角大小的变化规律是:E完整>E90°>E30°>E60°。(3)在同一节理倾角下,岩样峰值强度随着围压的增加而增大;在同一围压下,岩样峰值强度随着节理倾角的变化表现出明显的各向异性。(4)节理岩样的黏聚力随着节理倾角的变化呈现出U型的变化趋势,且在节理倾角为60°时黏聚力最小;同时内摩擦角随着节理倾角的增大而逐渐增大。由上述成果可知,节理倾角对砂岩强度和物理特性影响较大,节理倾角为60°时,影响程度最大。

砂岩强度的估算研究及应用——以南水北调中线安阳段为例

为了获得合理的施工设计岩石强度参考值，以南水北调安阳段砂岩为例开展了3种岩石强度估算方法的研究：1）引进标准条件下风钎钻进时间作为指标来估算岩石的单轴抗压强度；2）收集已有成果给出利用波速估算岩石单轴抗压强度的公式；3）根据试验数据拟合出安阳地区点荷载强度与岩石单轴抗压强度间的经验关系式。通过上述方法得到了3种不同的岩石强度估算公式，并以AY33＋600为例，综合利用所得公式进行了砂岩强度估算，发现这3种方法吻合度很高，且与砂岩室内试验强度值间的误差为2％～9％。上述公式在安阳段的应用解决了原设计方案中围岩分级不准的问题。

砂岩强度MTS试验及阶段特征的混沌动力学研究

采用 MTS815.03 电液伺服岩石试验系统对三种强度的砂岩进行全应力-应变试验研究,得出试验曲线呈明显的分段特征,曲线的离散性发生于应变软化阶段。通过对试验数据序列的混沌动力学分析得出:随着单向抗压强度的增加,砂岩全应力-应变过程的系统状态由强混沌态逐渐演化到低混沌态,进而质变为较有序的定常态;砂岩峰后应力-应变阶段曲线的线性性质增强,裂隙系统状态由强混沌态向强有序的定常态演化;砂岩峰前阶段的裂隙系统基本呈现弱混沌状态。该试验方法可靠,对砂岩强度阶段特征的混沌分析具有一定的理论意义。

地下水的化学淋滤对砂岩强度的影响

本文通过对成渝铁路沿线红色砂岩的调查研究,应用实验分析手段研究地下水淋滤作用对砂岩强度的影响,并得出淋滤率与砂岩强度的关系式,为红层边坡的稳定性评价提供了依据。

黔张常铁路白垩系砂岩抗压强度取值研究

黔张常铁路沿线白垩系砂岩强度低、分布广,准确的力学参数值直接影响工程建设的可靠性。以白垩系砂岩抗压强度为例,通过对抗压强度原始数据的随机-模糊处理,对其置信度进行研究,给出置信度95%条件下的参数值。通过有限的实验样本,给出更加符合现场实际情况和反映研究对象特性的力学参数值,具有较高的可靠性,可以指导工程的设计和施工。

海上中等强度砂岩出砂预测研究

针对中等强度砂岩岩石力学特性,采用岩石应力场与流体渗流场相耦合的方法建立了出砂预测模型,对生产过程中井壁岩石塑性区的扩展进行模拟,对出砂临界生产压差进行了计算。结果表明,非均匀地应力条件下塑性区最先在最小地应力方向出现,随着井底流压的降低,塑性逐渐扩展,并最终呈现椭圆状。由于塑性的影响井周应力发生变化,切向应力降低严重,井壁上的切向应力降为最小。井壁岩石的等效塑性应变超过0.0045,此时井壁岩石会发生大规模的脱落,造成严重出砂。实际生产表明,井底流压13MPa时,井口无出砂,计算结果与现场监测结果一致,较好地指导了现场完井防砂的选择。

中等强度砂岩饱水力学参数变化试验及动态出砂规律

为了研究含水条件变化对砂岩储层出砂的定量影响规律,对国外某油田N储层中等强度砂岩27块岩心进行不同饱水时间和饱水度条件下的三轴强度破坏试验,测试不同围压三轴破坏强度、弹性模量、泊松比以及内聚力、内摩擦角随饱水时间和饱水度的变化。试验揭示中等强度砂岩力学参数随饱水度的变化规律。根据试验数据,利用极限稳定强度指数模型拟合岩心力学强度参数随饱水时间和饱水度的变化经验关系式,用于该储层的动态出砂临界条件预测。结果表明:在饱水时间为0~50 d内,不同围压下的三轴破坏强度、弹性模量随着饱水时间明显下降,饱水50 d时围压40 MPa下的破坏强度和弹性模量均下降约30%;随着饱水度从0增加到100%,岩心三轴破坏强度、内聚力和弹性模量先降低较快,然后趋于稳定,最终无量纲强度比约为72%;该储层含水饱和度上升至0.85时,储层出砂临界压差下降25%~30%,而地层压力下降30%情况下,出砂临界压差降低10%~11%;未来含水上升和地层压力下降是导致该储层出砂的主要诱发条件。

酸损伤降低砂岩储层破裂压力实验研究

针对压裂改造提高低渗透油气藏开采效果的关键问题,以砂岩储层为研究对象,从砂岩强度的本质分析出发,研究了砂岩典型单矿物与酸液体系的反应过程和机理;利用矿物结构分析、离子浓度测定、衍射、能谱分析等实验研究手段,研究了砂岩酸损伤通过改变砂岩矿物成分、晶体结构,降低岩石强度的机理。为酸损伤降低砂岩储层破裂压力技术的应用提供了依据。

致密砂岩储层酸损伤降低破裂压力工艺研究及应用

通过分析东胜气田盒2致密砂岩储层矿物组分及储层岩石在泥浆污染、酸损伤后的变化,分别从微观和宏观上定性研究了泥浆污染及酸损伤对致密砂岩储层的影响,同时通过岩石力学参数定量分析了岩石强度的变化,最后通过酸液体系、用量及施工排量的优化形成了适合东胜气田盒2致密砂岩储层酸损伤的施工参数,并在JPH-40井压裂施工中成功应用,取得了较好的改造效果。

地下水渗流场对介质应力场的影响

深入研究地下水渗流场对介质应力场的影响有着重要的理论意义。通过对成渝铁路沿线的调查研究,应用试验分析手段研究地下水淋滤作用对介质应力场及稳定性的影响,并得出淋滤率与砂岩强度的关系式,为边坡的稳定性评价提供了依据。

热采井储层岩石力学性质及出砂规律研究

P区块为稠油油田,在开采中发现初期冷采时不出砂,当使用蒸汽吞吐方式进行热采时,则发生严重的出砂现象。并且随着蒸汽吞吐轮次增加,储层出砂问题更加严重。为研究高温高压蒸汽对疏松砂岩的影响,取P区块储层段岩心进行蒸汽吞吐后力学试验。建立了疏松砂岩单轴抗压强度、弹性模量与蒸汽温度以及作用时间的关系。所得结果为稠油热采过程中出砂可能性计算,以及开采参数确定提供了一定的依据。

Exploration of weakening mechanism of uniaxial compressive strength of deep sandstone under microwave irradiation

Traditional mechanical rock breaking method is labor-intensive and low-efficient,which restrictes the development of deep resources and deep space.As a new rock-breakage technology,microwave irradiation is expected to overcome these problems.This study examines the failure characteristics,weakening law,and breakdown mechanism of deep sandstone(depth=1050 m)samples in a microwave field.The macroscopic and microscopic properties were determined via mechanical tests,mesoscopic tests,and numerical simulations.Microwave application at 1000 W for 60 s reduced the uniaxial compressive strength of the sandstone by 50%.Thermal stress of the sandstone was enhanced by uneven expansion of minerals at the microscale.Moreover,the melting of some minerals in the high-temperature environment changed the pore structure,sharply reducing the macroscopic strength.The temperature remained high in the lower midsection of the sample,and the stress was concentrated at the bottom of the sample and along its axis.These results are expected to improve the efficiency of deep rock breaking,provide theoretical and technical support for similar rock-breakage projects,and accelerate advances in deep-Earth science.

Stabilization of saline silty sand using lime and micro silica

Many construction and post-construction problems have been reported in the literature when saline soils have been used without understanding of their abnormal behavior,especially their inferior bearing capacity in the natural condition.The strength of these soils further decreases on soaking.Saline soil deposits cover extensive areas in central Iran and are associated with geotechnical problems such as excessive differential settlement,susceptibility to strength loss and collapse upon wetting.Because of these characteristics,some of the roads constructed on saline soils in Taleghan area have exhibited deterioration in the form of raveling,cracking and landslides.The main objective of this work is to improve the load-bearing capacity of pavements constructed on Taleghan saline soils using lime and micro silica.Soil samples from Hashtgerd-Taleghan road were collected and tested for improving their properties using lime and micro silica at different dosages ranging from 0 to 6%.The load-bearing capacity of stabilized soil mixtures was evaluated using California Bearing Ratio(CBR) and unconfined compressive strength tests.The test results indicate that the lime improves the performance of soil significantly.The addition of 2% lime with 3% micro silica has satisfied the strength-deformation requirements.Therefore,improved soil can be used as a good subbase in flexible pavements.

Dynamic tensile strength and failure mechanisms of thermally treated sandstone under dry and water-saturated conditions

To study the tensile strength and failure mechanisms of rock with hydro-thermal coupling damage under different loading rates,a series of static and dynamic splitting tests were conducted on thermally treated sandstone under dry and water-saturated conditions.Experimental results showed that high temperatures effectively weakened the tensile strength of sandstone specimens,and the P-wave velocity declined with increasing temperature.Overall,thermal damage of rock increased gradually with increasing temperature,but obvious negative damage appeared at the temperature of 100℃.The water-saturated sandstone specimens had lower indirect tensile strength than the dry ones,which indicated that water-rock interaction led to secondary damage in heat-treated rock.Under both dry and water-saturated conditions,the dynamic tensile strength of sandstone increased with the increase of strain rate.The water-saturated rock specimens showed stronger rate dependence than the dry ones,but the loading rate sensitivity of thermally treated rock decreased with increasing treatment temperature.With the help of scanning electron microscopy technology,the thermal fractures of rock,caused by extreme temperature,were analyzed.Hydro-physical mechanisms of sandstone under different loading rate conditions after heat treatment were further discussed.

海上LF油田水平井生产过程中井壁稳定性问题研究

随着海上油气田的进一步开发,海上已经针对低渗透油气田进行了开采,目前海上LF等多个低渗透油气田已经进行开发,这些区块储层砂岩岩石强度属于中-高强度,其生产过程中的井壁稳定问题直接影响着完井方式及后期的开发方式。针对海上LF中高强度砂岩油田水平井生产过程中的井壁问题展开研究,通过数值模拟的方法,利用等效塑性应变理论,对水平井在生产过程中影响井壁稳定的因素(生产压差、地层出水、地层压力衰减)进行研究。研究结果也表明,水平井井眼沿最小主应力方向时,且在纯砂岩地层中时可以采用裸眼完井,与油田实际生产的情况相符,从而验证了该方法的可行性。研究结果可对油田进行完井方法优选以及后期作业提供指导。

Physical and mechanical properties of sandstone containing a single fissure after exposure to high temperatures

In order to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of sandstone containing fissures after exposure to high temperatures,fissures with different angles α were prefabricated in the plate sandstone samples,and the processed samples were then heated at 5 different temperatures.Indoor uniaxial compression was conducted to analyze the change rules of physical properties of sandstone after exposure to high temperature,and the deformation,strength and failure characteristics of sandstone containing fissures.The results show that,with increasing temperature,the volume of sandstone increases gradually while the quality and density decrease gradually,and the color of sandstone remains basically unchanged while the brightness increases markedly when the temperature is higher than 585 ℃;the peak strength of sandstone containing fissures first decreases then increases when the temperature is between 25℃and 400℃.The peak strain of sandstone containing fissures increases gradually while the average modulus decreases gradually with increasing temperature,and the mechanical properties of sandstone show obvious deterioration after 400 ℃.The peak strain of sandstone containing fissures increases gradually while the average modulus decreases gradually with increasing temperature;with increasing angle αof the fissure,the evolution characteristics of the macro-mechanical parameters of sandstone are closely related to the their own mechanical properties.When the temperature is 800 ℃,the correlation between the peak strength and average modulus of sandstone and the angle α of the fissure is obviously weakened.The failure modes of sandstone containing fissures after high temperature exposure are of three different kinds including:tensile crack failure,tensile and shear cracks mixed failure,and shear crack failure.Tensile and shear crack mixed failure occur mainly at low temperatures and small angles;tensile crack failure occurs at high temperatures and large angles.

Field tests on mechanical characteristics and strength parameters of red-sandstone

Large-scale field shear tests on ten specimens of the red-sandstone embankment at a highway in Hunan,China,were performed to examine mechanical characteristics and parameters of red-sandstone.The curves of thrust-displacement,failure mode,and shear strength parameters for red-sandstone with different water contents,different compactions,and different grain size distributions were obtained from the tests.A practical procedure of in-situ test for red-sandstone embankment was proposed to normalize the test equipment and test steps.Based on three-dimensional thrust-sliding limit equilibrium method,the formulas for calculating strength parameters of red-sandstone considering three-dimensional sliding surface were inferred.The results show that red-sandstone has typical complete curves of stress-strain,strain softening,which are caused by the special structure of red-sandstone;water content and compaction are important factors for strength and failure mode of red-sandstone;The average value of cohesion and internal friction angle of the specimens calculated by three-dimensional technique are 21.56 kPa and 29.29°,respectively,and those by traditional two-dimensional method are 25.52 kPa and 33.76°,respectively.

Effect of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Mechanical Properties and Permeability of Red Sandstone under Triaxial Compression

Geological disasters will happen in cold regions because of the effects of freeze-thaw cycles on rocks or soils, so studying the effects of these cycles on the mechanical characteristics and permeability properties of rocks is very important. In this study, red sandstone samples were frozen and thawed with o, 4, 8 and 12 cycles, each cycle including 12 h of freezing and 12 h of thawing. The P-wave velocities of these samples were measured, and the mechanical properties and evolution of the steady-state permeabilities were investigated in a series of uniaxial and triaxial compression tests. Experimental results show that, with the increasing of cyclic freeze-thaw times, the P-wave velocity of the red sandstone decreases. The number of freeze-thaw cycles has a significant influence on the uniaxial compressive strength, elastic modulus, cohesion, and angle of internal friction. The evolution of permeability of the rock samples after cycles of freeze-thaw in a complete stress-strain process under triaxial compression is closely related to the variation of the microstructure in the rock. There is a highly corresponding relationship between volumetric strain and permeability with axial strain in all stages of the stress-strain behaviour.

Dynamic compressive strength and failure mechanisms of microwave damaged sandstone subjected to intermediate loading rate

To investigate the influence of microwave heating on the dynamic behavior and failure mechanisms of rock,dynamic compression tests were conducted on microwave-irradiated sandstone specimens using a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)system.Experimental results show that microwave radiation can effectively weaken the compressive strength of sandstone.Rock specimens show three different failure modes under impact load:tensile failure,tensile−shear composite failure and compressive−shear failure.The dynamic Poisson’s ratio,calculated using the measured P-and S-wave velocities,is introduced to describe the deformation characteristics of sandstone.With the increase in microwave power and heating time,the Poisson’s ratio declines first and then increases slightly,and the turning point occurs at 244.6℃.Moreover,the microstructural characteristics reveal that microwave radiation produces dehydration,pore expansion,and cracking of the rock.The damage mechanisms caused by microwave radiation are discussed based on thermal stress and steam pressure inside the rock,which provides a reasonable explanation for the experimental results.