This paper discusses participatory research in the Andes and presents a case study in Cotacachi, Ecuador, where sustainability scientists and indigenous people seek common ground in their respective but drastically di...This paper discusses participatory research in the Andes and presents a case study in Cotacachi, Ecuador, where sustainability scientists and indigenous people seek common ground in their respective but drastically different research and social agendas. Participatory research based on Andean experiences pre-dated and inspired much of the later international movement in agriculture, health, and conservation. Andean communities have a long history in demanding that outsiders address the needs of the community as a condition for carrying out scientific or applied activities. What an Andean community, however, sees as relevant may or may not be within the rubric of ‘participatory research’ as it is practiced throughout much of the world. In fact, overzealous participatory researchers are just as bothersome as their predecessors bearing long questionnaires. More important to Andean people is an equitable relationship with researchers and developers in which exchanges of value are made. A distinction between ‘enriching’ and ‘extractive’ research is drawn. In the case of the SANREM project in Cotacachi, Ecuador, scientists carried out enriching research activities of interest to local people as a wayto generate social capital for conducting basic research which does not have an obvious, immediate local benefit. The requested research did not have a conventional participatory methodology but provided valuable products (educational opportunity, germplasm, community visualization tools, and information) to the indigenous community in exchange for time and resources to conduct research on more basic natural resource questions. We argue that in the Andean context the key to reconciling the needs of scientists and of local needs is seeking new forms of equitable collaboration which reach beyond the present and now somewhat tired discourse of ‘participation’.展开更多
In this paper, we briefly introduce the history of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency(DARPA) Grand Challenge programs with particular focus on the 2012 Robotics Challenge. As members of team DRC-HUBO, we pr...In this paper, we briefly introduce the history of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency(DARPA) Grand Challenge programs with particular focus on the 2012 Robotics Challenge. As members of team DRC-HUBO, we propose different approaches for the Rough-Terrain task, such as enlarged foot pedals and a transformation into quadruped walking. We also introduce a new gait for humanoid robot locomotion to improve stability performance, called the Ski-Type gait. We analyze the stability performance of this gait and use the stability margin to choose between two candidate step sequences, Crawl-1 and Crawl-2. Next, we perform a force/torque analysis for the redundant closedchain system in the Ski-Type gait, and determine the joint torques by minimizing the total energy consumption. Based on the stability and force/torque analysis, we design a cane length to support a feasible and stable Crawl-2 gait on the HUBO2 humanoid robot platform. Finally, we compare our experimental results with biped walking to validate the SkiType gait. We also present our team performance in the trials of the Robotics Challenge.展开更多
Objective. To analyze the clinical characteristics of fertility and pregnancy in women with congenital uterine malformations and explore optimal treatments to improve the prognosis.Methods. A retrospective study was c...Objective. To analyze the clinical characteristics of fertility and pregnancy in women with congenital uterine malformations and explore optimal treatments to improve the prognosis.Methods. A retrospective study was conducted on the fertility and obstetric outcome in 153 patients with uterine malformations treated in our hospital from January 1984 to December 1998. Twenty - seven cases with other kinds of genital and/or urinary anomalies but with normal uterus during the same period were enrolled as the control group.Results. The infertility rate was 26.6% (34/128), the miscarriage rate 44.3% (86/194), premature birth rate 9.3% (18/194), abnormal fetal presentation rate 28.4% (29/102), the cesarean section rate 61.8% (63/102), and the perinatal mortality rate 11.8% (12/102).Conclusion. Women with congenital uterine malformation usually have higher incidence of infertility and complications during pregnancy and delivery. Bicornuate and septate uterus can be associated with poor obstetric outcome.展开更多
The project of Xiaoxihu Yellow River Bridge in Lanzhou is chosen as partial cable-stayed bridge. To get the shear lag effect and anti-earthquake performance of the actual bridge under various loading conditions, organ...The project of Xiaoxihu Yellow River Bridge in Lanzhou is chosen as partial cable-stayed bridge. To get the shear lag effect and anti-earthquake performance of the actual bridge under various loading conditions, organic glass scaled model was adopted to have an experiment and a theory research at one time. The experiment result is the basically same as the theory calculation which proves the FEA method can well calculate shear lag effect and dynamical performance. As a result, because the bridge is located in a seismic area of 8 degree, an elasto-plastic seismic checking is performed by customized FEA program in this paper.展开更多
Chorionic villi and fetal tissues from 50 pathological human conceptions at gestational weeks 9-40 were cultured and cytogenetically analyzed to explore the existence of chromosomal mosaicism confined to the extraembr...Chorionic villi and fetal tissues from 50 pathological human conceptions at gestational weeks 9-40 were cultured and cytogenetically analyzed to explore the existence of chromosomal mosaicism confined to the extraembryonic tissues and to clarify the relationship between confined placental mosaicism and adverse outcome of pregnancy. Chorionic villi and fetal tissues from 12 second trimester gestations terminated for social reasons served as a control group. In two pathological gestations, true mosaicism was found exclusively in chorionic cells and could not be confirmed in cells derived from the fetal tissues. One of these was severely growth retarded. Concordant results were obtained in all other cases.展开更多
This study employed an innovative meth- odological framework that combines geomatics and conventional survey methods to monitor changes in forest conditions and examine their associations with local forest governance ...This study employed an innovative meth- odological framework that combines geomatics and conventional survey methods to monitor changes in forest conditions and examine their associations with local forest governance parameters in a mountain watershed covering 153.3 km2 in the middle moun- tains of Nepal. The study involved two spatial scales and analytical steps. First, geomatics techniques were used to map and detect changes in major land cover types in the watershed between 1976 and 2000 and to analyze relationships between forest cover changes and governance arrangements. This was followed by micro-level analysis of the relationships between the biological conditions of selected forests within the watershed and their governance arrangements, using conventional survey methods and analytical tools. The findings show that forest cover in the watershed in- creased by about 15 per cent during the period. The rate of increase in forest cover was highest in areas under a semi-government type of governance ar- rangement, while the community forests were gener- ally better in terms of current biological conditions compared to the semi-government forests. This in- consistency between the findings from the two analy- ses does not allow us to draw any firm conclusions regarding the role of property rights in determining forest condition, but it indicates that the outcomes of local forest management initiatives may be more de-pendent on local institutional arrangements regulat- ing forest use and maintenance of forest resources than on the type of property rights arrangements. The findings also provide evidence of the methodological suitability of the research approach adopted, which may be useful for addressing many other research questions related to forestry and natural resources management, particularly those involving multiple spatial scales.展开更多
On lunar exploration missions, the rovers which can move and explore directly are considered by various agency like NASA （National Aeronautics and Space Administration）, JAXA （Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency）, ...On lunar exploration missions, the rovers which can move and explore directly are considered by various agency like NASA （National Aeronautics and Space Administration）, JAXA （Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency）, ESA （European Space Agency）. Lunar rovers are required to move on rough terrains such as craters and rear cliffs where it is scientifically very important to explore. However, there is a problem that the rovers have possibility of stack because of the lunar surface is covered with loose soil named Regolith. Therefore, this paper investigates a mechanism of kinetic behavior between the wheels of the exploration rovers and loose soil. And then, this paper proposed a flexible wheel to solve like that problems. The flexible wheel has the surface which can be changed flexibly toward rough terrain. Running experiments on loose soil which imitated regolith were carried out to observe the traversability of the flexible wheel using slip ratio. Traversality of flexible wheel was better than the circular rigid wheel. The authors believe that stress distribution is important. The stress distribution of the flexible wheels is horizontally long and stress value is small. However, the stress distribution can be changed by loaded more weight. Therefore, the relationship between the stress and the running performance was considered using this differential stress distribution. In experiments, the authors used the flexible wheel with simple structure （3 limbs）. From these considerations, the relationship between the stress of the flexible wheel and the running performance was described.展开更多
Studies on communication strategies （CSs） have been carried out for nearly four decades and have contributed a lot to the development of such fields as applied linguistics and second language acquisition, but they a...Studies on communication strategies （CSs） have been carried out for nearly four decades and have contributed a lot to the development of such fields as applied linguistics and second language acquisition, but they are still inadequate and there remain controversies over certain issues. Thus, more systematic and rigorous studies are needed to check or confirm the findings of some studies and further CS research from newer and broader perspectives. This paper mainly reviews the existing empirical studies from different perspectives： CS classifications and research methods, factors affecting the choices of CSs, teachablity and teaching of CSs, and effectiveness of CSs. It is aimed to provide a clear picture of research on L2 CSs and offer some suggestions for further research.展开更多
Quantum nonlocality and quantum contextuality are the most curious properties that change our understanding of nature, and were observed independently in recent decades. One important question is whether both properti...Quantum nonlocality and quantum contextuality are the most curious properties that change our understanding of nature, and were observed independently in recent decades. One important question is whether both properties can be observed simultaneously. In this paper, we show that in a qutrit-qutrit system we can observe quantum nonlocality and quantum contextuality at the same time. From the perspective of quantum information, our experiment proves in principle that the two resources, quantum nonlocality and quantum contextuality, can be utilized simultaneously.展开更多
Epidemic dynamics in networks have attracted a great deal of attention from researchers of many fields. In this paper, we mainly study the global behaviors of discrete-time epidemic model in heterogenous networks. By ...Epidemic dynamics in networks have attracted a great deal of attention from researchers of many fields. In this paper, we mainly study the global behaviors of discrete-time epidemic model in heterogenous networks. By theoretical analysis, we show that the model can be characterized by the basic reproduction number R0. When R0 is smaller than unit, the disease-free equilibrium is globally stable, while R0 is larger than unit, the unique positive equilibrium is globally attractive.展开更多
It is well known that tip leakage flow has a strong effect on the compressor performance and stability. This paper reports on a numerical investigation of detailed flow structures in an isolated transonic compressor r...It is well known that tip leakage flow has a strong effect on the compressor performance and stability. This paper reports on a numerical investigation of detailed flow structures in an isolated transonic compressor rotor-NASA Rotor 37 at near stall and stalled conditions aimed at improving understanding of changes in 3D tip leakage flow structures with rotating stall inception.Steady and unsteady 3D Navier-Stokes analyses were conducted to investigate flow structures in the same rotor.For steady analysis,the predicted results agree well with the experimental data for the estimation of compressor rotor global performance.For unsteady flow analysis, the unsteady flow nature caused by the breakdown of the tip leakage vortex in blade tip region in the transonic compressor rotor at near stall condition has been captured with a single blade passage.On the other hand, the time-accurate unsteady computations of multi-blade passage at near stall condition indicate that the unsteady breakdown of the tip leakage vortex triggered the short length-scale-spike type rotating stall inception at blade tip region.It was the forward spillage of the tip leakage flow at blade leading edge resulting in the spike stall inception. As the mass flow ratio is decreased,the rotating stall cell was further developed in the blade passage.展开更多
The work deficit, as introduced by Jonathan Oppenheim et al. [Phys. Rev. Left. 89 （2002） 180402] is a good measure of the quantum correlations in a state and provides a new standpoint for understanding quantum non-l...The work deficit, as introduced by Jonathan Oppenheim et al. [Phys. Rev. Left. 89 （2002） 180402] is a good measure of the quantum correlations in a state and provides a new standpoint for understanding quantum non-locality. In this paper, we analytically evaluate the one-way information deficit （OWID） for the Bell-diagonai states and a class of two-qubit states and further give the geometry picture for OWID. The dynamic behavior of the OWID under decoherence channel is investigated and it is shown that the OWID of some classes of X states is more robust against the decoherence than the entanglement.展开更多
文摘This paper discusses participatory research in the Andes and presents a case study in Cotacachi, Ecuador, where sustainability scientists and indigenous people seek common ground in their respective but drastically different research and social agendas. Participatory research based on Andean experiences pre-dated and inspired much of the later international movement in agriculture, health, and conservation. Andean communities have a long history in demanding that outsiders address the needs of the community as a condition for carrying out scientific or applied activities. What an Andean community, however, sees as relevant may or may not be within the rubric of ‘participatory research’ as it is practiced throughout much of the world. In fact, overzealous participatory researchers are just as bothersome as their predecessors bearing long questionnaires. More important to Andean people is an equitable relationship with researchers and developers in which exchanges of value are made. A distinction between ‘enriching’ and ‘extractive’ research is drawn. In the case of the SANREM project in Cotacachi, Ecuador, scientists carried out enriching research activities of interest to local people as a wayto generate social capital for conducting basic research which does not have an obvious, immediate local benefit. The requested research did not have a conventional participatory methodology but provided valuable products (educational opportunity, germplasm, community visualization tools, and information) to the indigenous community in exchange for time and resources to conduct research on more basic natural resource questions. We argue that in the Andean context the key to reconciling the needs of scientists and of local needs is seeking new forms of equitable collaboration which reach beyond the present and now somewhat tired discourse of ‘participation’.
文摘In this paper, we briefly introduce the history of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency(DARPA) Grand Challenge programs with particular focus on the 2012 Robotics Challenge. As members of team DRC-HUBO, we propose different approaches for the Rough-Terrain task, such as enlarged foot pedals and a transformation into quadruped walking. We also introduce a new gait for humanoid robot locomotion to improve stability performance, called the Ski-Type gait. We analyze the stability performance of this gait and use the stability margin to choose between two candidate step sequences, Crawl-1 and Crawl-2. Next, we perform a force/torque analysis for the redundant closedchain system in the Ski-Type gait, and determine the joint torques by minimizing the total energy consumption. Based on the stability and force/torque analysis, we design a cane length to support a feasible and stable Crawl-2 gait on the HUBO2 humanoid robot platform. Finally, we compare our experimental results with biped walking to validate the SkiType gait. We also present our team performance in the trials of the Robotics Challenge.
基金This work was originally published in the National Medical Journal of China (2001 81(7): 415-7) in Chinese.
文摘Objective. To analyze the clinical characteristics of fertility and pregnancy in women with congenital uterine malformations and explore optimal treatments to improve the prognosis.Methods. A retrospective study was conducted on the fertility and obstetric outcome in 153 patients with uterine malformations treated in our hospital from January 1984 to December 1998. Twenty - seven cases with other kinds of genital and/or urinary anomalies but with normal uterus during the same period were enrolled as the control group.Results. The infertility rate was 26.6% (34/128), the miscarriage rate 44.3% (86/194), premature birth rate 9.3% (18/194), abnormal fetal presentation rate 28.4% (29/102), the cesarean section rate 61.8% (63/102), and the perinatal mortality rate 11.8% (12/102).Conclusion. Women with congenital uterine malformation usually have higher incidence of infertility and complications during pregnancy and delivery. Bicornuate and septate uterus can be associated with poor obstetric outcome.
文摘The project of Xiaoxihu Yellow River Bridge in Lanzhou is chosen as partial cable-stayed bridge. To get the shear lag effect and anti-earthquake performance of the actual bridge under various loading conditions, organic glass scaled model was adopted to have an experiment and a theory research at one time. The experiment result is the basically same as the theory calculation which proves the FEA method can well calculate shear lag effect and dynamical performance. As a result, because the bridge is located in a seismic area of 8 degree, an elasto-plastic seismic checking is performed by customized FEA program in this paper.
文摘Chorionic villi and fetal tissues from 50 pathological human conceptions at gestational weeks 9-40 were cultured and cytogenetically analyzed to explore the existence of chromosomal mosaicism confined to the extraembryonic tissues and to clarify the relationship between confined placental mosaicism and adverse outcome of pregnancy. Chorionic villi and fetal tissues from 12 second trimester gestations terminated for social reasons served as a control group. In two pathological gestations, true mosaicism was found exclusively in chorionic cells and could not be confirmed in cells derived from the fetal tissues. One of these was severely growth retarded. Concordant results were obtained in all other cases.
文摘This study employed an innovative meth- odological framework that combines geomatics and conventional survey methods to monitor changes in forest conditions and examine their associations with local forest governance parameters in a mountain watershed covering 153.3 km2 in the middle moun- tains of Nepal. The study involved two spatial scales and analytical steps. First, geomatics techniques were used to map and detect changes in major land cover types in the watershed between 1976 and 2000 and to analyze relationships between forest cover changes and governance arrangements. This was followed by micro-level analysis of the relationships between the biological conditions of selected forests within the watershed and their governance arrangements, using conventional survey methods and analytical tools. The findings show that forest cover in the watershed in- creased by about 15 per cent during the period. The rate of increase in forest cover was highest in areas under a semi-government type of governance ar- rangement, while the community forests were gener- ally better in terms of current biological conditions compared to the semi-government forests. This in- consistency between the findings from the two analy- ses does not allow us to draw any firm conclusions regarding the role of property rights in determining forest condition, but it indicates that the outcomes of local forest management initiatives may be more de-pendent on local institutional arrangements regulat- ing forest use and maintenance of forest resources than on the type of property rights arrangements. The findings also provide evidence of the methodological suitability of the research approach adopted, which may be useful for addressing many other research questions related to forestry and natural resources management, particularly those involving multiple spatial scales.
文摘On lunar exploration missions, the rovers which can move and explore directly are considered by various agency like NASA （National Aeronautics and Space Administration）, JAXA （Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency）, ESA （European Space Agency）. Lunar rovers are required to move on rough terrains such as craters and rear cliffs where it is scientifically very important to explore. However, there is a problem that the rovers have possibility of stack because of the lunar surface is covered with loose soil named Regolith. Therefore, this paper investigates a mechanism of kinetic behavior between the wheels of the exploration rovers and loose soil. And then, this paper proposed a flexible wheel to solve like that problems. The flexible wheel has the surface which can be changed flexibly toward rough terrain. Running experiments on loose soil which imitated regolith were carried out to observe the traversability of the flexible wheel using slip ratio. Traversality of flexible wheel was better than the circular rigid wheel. The authors believe that stress distribution is important. The stress distribution of the flexible wheels is horizontally long and stress value is small. However, the stress distribution can be changed by loaded more weight. Therefore, the relationship between the stress and the running performance was considered using this differential stress distribution. In experiments, the authors used the flexible wheel with simple structure （3 limbs）. From these considerations, the relationship between the stress of the flexible wheel and the running performance was described.
文摘Studies on communication strategies （CSs） have been carried out for nearly four decades and have contributed a lot to the development of such fields as applied linguistics and second language acquisition, but they are still inadequate and there remain controversies over certain issues. Thus, more systematic and rigorous studies are needed to check or confirm the findings of some studies and further CS research from newer and broader perspectives. This paper mainly reviews the existing empirical studies from different perspectives： CS classifications and research methods, factors affecting the choices of CSs, teachablity and teaching of CSs, and effectiveness of CSs. It is aimed to provide a clear picture of research on L2 CSs and offer some suggestions for further research.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFA0304100)National Natural Science Foundation of China(11374288,11774335,61327901,11474268,11325419 and 11504253)+2 种基金the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences(QYZDY-SSW-SLH003)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesAnhui Initiative in Quantum Information Technologies(AHY020100 and AHY060300)
文摘Quantum nonlocality and quantum contextuality are the most curious properties that change our understanding of nature, and were observed independently in recent decades. One important question is whether both properties can be observed simultaneously. In this paper, we show that in a qutrit-qutrit system we can observe quantum nonlocality and quantum contextuality at the same time. From the perspective of quantum information, our experiment proves in principle that the two resources, quantum nonlocality and quantum contextuality, can be utilized simultaneously.
文摘Epidemic dynamics in networks have attracted a great deal of attention from researchers of many fields. In this paper, we mainly study the global behaviors of discrete-time epidemic model in heterogenous networks. By theoretical analysis, we show that the model can be characterized by the basic reproduction number R0. When R0 is smaller than unit, the disease-free equilibrium is globally stable, while R0 is larger than unit, the unique positive equilibrium is globally attractive.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project No:50806073)
文摘It is well known that tip leakage flow has a strong effect on the compressor performance and stability. This paper reports on a numerical investigation of detailed flow structures in an isolated transonic compressor rotor-NASA Rotor 37 at near stall and stalled conditions aimed at improving understanding of changes in 3D tip leakage flow structures with rotating stall inception.Steady and unsteady 3D Navier-Stokes analyses were conducted to investigate flow structures in the same rotor.For steady analysis,the predicted results agree well with the experimental data for the estimation of compressor rotor global performance.For unsteady flow analysis, the unsteady flow nature caused by the breakdown of the tip leakage vortex in blade tip region in the transonic compressor rotor at near stall condition has been captured with a single blade passage.On the other hand, the time-accurate unsteady computations of multi-blade passage at near stall condition indicate that the unsteady breakdown of the tip leakage vortex triggered the short length-scale-spike type rotating stall inception at blade tip region.It was the forward spillage of the tip leakage flow at blade leading edge resulting in the spike stall inception. As the mass flow ratio is decreased,the rotating stall cell was further developed in the blade passage.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.11101017Beijing Natural Science Foundation Program and Scientific Research Key Program of Beijing Municipal Commission of Education under Grant No.KZ201210028032Funding Project for Beijing Municipality under Grant No.201007107
文摘The work deficit, as introduced by Jonathan Oppenheim et al. [Phys. Rev. Left. 89 （2002） 180402] is a good measure of the quantum correlations in a state and provides a new standpoint for understanding quantum non-locality. In this paper, we analytically evaluate the one-way information deficit （OWID） for the Bell-diagonai states and a class of two-qubit states and further give the geometry picture for OWID. The dynamic behavior of the OWID under decoherence channel is investigated and it is shown that the OWID of some classes of X states is more robust against the decoherence than the entanglement.
