Surfactants and builders are the two most important ingredients in laundry, household and personal-care cleaning products. They play a key role in washing processes. The development of various surfactants （e.g., anio...Surfactants and builders are the two most important ingredients in laundry, household and personal-care cleaning products. They play a key role in washing processes. The development of various surfactants （e.g., anionic, nonionic, cationic, zwitterionic, and silicone surfactants） and builders （inorganic, organic and polymeric builders）used in the detergent compositions are reviewed and their detergency performance and biodegradability are discussed. In the future, the development of the surfactants and builders used in detergent compositions should be based on economic and environmental considerations. The use of the eco-friendly surfactants and builders derived from inexpensive renewable resources （e.g., alkyl polyglucosides and bio-based polyesters） in detergent compositions is the developing trends in detergent industry.展开更多
Study on the action mechanism of inflammatory mediators generated by the severe acute pancreatitis （SAP） in multiple organ injury is a hotspot in the surgical field. In clinical practice, the main complicated organ ...Study on the action mechanism of inflammatory mediators generated by the severe acute pancreatitis （SAP） in multiple organ injury is a hotspot in the surgical field. In clinical practice, the main complicated organ dysfunctions are shock, respiratory failure, renal failure, encephalopathy, with the rate of hepatic diseases being closely next to them. The hepatic injury caused by SAP cannot only aggravate the state of pancreatitis, but also develop into hepatic failure and cause patient death, lts complicated pathogenic mechanism is an obstacle in clinical treatment. Among many pathogenic factors, the changes of vasoactive substances, participation of inflammatory mediators as well as OFR （oxygen free radical）, endotoxin, etc. may play important roles in its progression.展开更多
The progress in the understanding of cancer progression and early detection has been slow and frustrating due to the complex multifactorial nature and heterogeneity of the cancer syndrome. To date, no effective treatm...The progress in the understanding of cancer progression and early detection has been slow and frustrating due to the complex multifactorial nature and heterogeneity of the cancer syndrome. To date, no effective treatment is available for advanced cancers, which remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Clearly, there is urgent need to unravel novel biomarkers for early detection. Most of the functional information of the cancer-associated genes resides in the proteome. The later is an exceptionally complex biological system involving several proteins that function through posttranslational modifications and dynamic inter-molecular collisions with partners. These protein complexes can be regulated by signals emanating from cancer cells, their sur-rounding tissue microenvironment, and/or from the host. Some proteins are secreted and/or cleaved into the extracellular milieu and may represent valuable serum biomarkers for diagnosis purpose. It is estimated that the cancer proteome may include over 1.5 million proteins as a result of posttranslational processing and modifications. Such complexity clearly highlights the need for ultra-high resolution proteomic technology for robust quantitative protein measurements and data acquisition. This review is to update the current research efforts in high-resolution proteomic technology for discovery and monitoring cancer biomarkers.展开更多
Ionic liquids （ILs） are green solvents that have attracted great attention in recent years due to their unique properties. In this paper the latest progresses in both the fundamental studies and applications of ILs ...Ionic liquids （ILs） are green solvents that have attracted great attention in recent years due to their unique properties. In this paper the latest progresses in both the fundamental studies and applications of ILs have been summarized, with the emphasis on the topics of physical properties, catalytic reactions, and biochemical engineering. The critical problems in the applications of the ILs have been addresses, and the prospective of the ILs were finally predicted.展开更多
The concept and research progress of functional feed were summarized. Compared with the basic nutrition, functional feed is a kind of new health care feed which contains functional ingredients, and can promote the gro...The concept and research progress of functional feed were summarized. Compared with the basic nutrition, functional feed is a kind of new health care feed which contains functional ingredients, and can promote the growth of animal health, enhance immunity, improve the quality of animal products, improve the level of ani- mal welfare, reduce environmental pollution, improve the ecological environment, as well as increase the economic benefits. Studies on the functional feed are mainly concentrated in the development of functional feed products, and but few to under- stand the compositions and compatibility mechanism of the functional components that have the function effects. Moreover, these functional components are low in plants, so the wide application in feed industry requires research on biological engi- neering and chemical synthesis, which will become the trend of future research.展开更多
This paper reviews recent developments in nonlinear control technologies for shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators in robotics and their related applications. SMA possesses large hysteresis, low bandwidth, slow response,...This paper reviews recent developments in nonlinear control technologies for shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators in robotics and their related applications. SMA possesses large hysteresis, low bandwidth, slow response, and non-linear behavior, which make them difficult to control. The fast response of the SMA actuator mostly depends upon, (1) type of controller, (2) rate of addition and removal of heat, and (3) shape or form of the actuator. Though linear controllers are more desirable than nonlinear ones, the review of literature shows that the results obtained using nonlinear controllers were far better than the former one. Therefore, more emphasis is made on the nonlinear control technologies taking into account the intelligent controllers. Various forms of SMA actuator along with different heating and cooling methods are presented in this review, followed by the nonlinear control methods and the control problems encountered by the researchers.展开更多
Since the identification of hepatitis C virus （HCV） genome in 1989m, a lot of progresses have been done about the understanding of HCV biology, natural history and therapeutic options. HCV is a member of the Flavivi...Since the identification of hepatitis C virus （HCV） genome in 1989m, a lot of progresses have been done about the understanding of HCV biology, natural history and therapeutic options. HCV is a member of the Flaviviridae viral family. Its genome is a positive simple strand RNA molecule which shows significant genetic variability. The HCV nomenclature has been recently re-examined by an international group of scientific experts in the field of HCV genetic variability or involved in HCV data base.展开更多
Increasing the efficiency of water use by crops continues to escalate as a topic of concem because drought is a restrictive environmental factor for crop productivity woridwide .Greater yield per unit rainfall is one ...Increasing the efficiency of water use by crops continues to escalate as a topic of concem because drought is a restrictive environmental factor for crop productivity woridwide .Greater yield per unit rainfall is one of the most important challenges in water-saving agriculture Besides water-saving by irrigation engineering and conservation tillage, a good understanding of factors limiting and/or regulating yleld now provides us with an opportunity to identify and then precisely seiect for physiciogical and breeding traits that increase the efficiency of water use and drought tolerance under water-limited conditions, biological water-saving is one means of achieving this goal, A definition of bilogical water-saving measures is proposed which embraces improvements in water use efficiency （WUE） and drought tolerance, by genetic improvement and physiological regulation. The preponderance of bilogical water-saving measures is discussed and strategies identified for working within natural resource constraints. The technology and future perspectives of bilogical water saving could provide not only new water-saving techniques but also a scientific base for application of water-saving irrigation and conservation tillage.展开更多
文摘Surfactants and builders are the two most important ingredients in laundry, household and personal-care cleaning products. They play a key role in washing processes. The development of various surfactants （e.g., anionic, nonionic, cationic, zwitterionic, and silicone surfactants） and builders （inorganic, organic and polymeric builders）used in the detergent compositions are reviewed and their detergency performance and biodegradability are discussed. In the future, the development of the surfactants and builders used in detergent compositions should be based on economic and environmental considerations. The use of the eco-friendly surfactants and builders derived from inexpensive renewable resources （e.g., alkyl polyglucosides and bio-based polyesters） in detergent compositions is the developing trends in detergent industry.
基金Project supported by the Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province (Nos. 2003C130 and 2004C142)the Medical Science and Technology of Health Department of Zhejiang Province (No. 2003B134)the Technology and Development of Technological Bureau of Hangzhou (No. 2003123B19), China
文摘Study on the action mechanism of inflammatory mediators generated by the severe acute pancreatitis （SAP） in multiple organ injury is a hotspot in the surgical field. In clinical practice, the main complicated organ dysfunctions are shock, respiratory failure, renal failure, encephalopathy, with the rate of hepatic diseases being closely next to them. The hepatic injury caused by SAP cannot only aggravate the state of pancreatitis, but also develop into hepatic failure and cause patient death, lts complicated pathogenic mechanism is an obstacle in clinical treatment. Among many pathogenic factors, the changes of vasoactive substances, participation of inflammatory mediators as well as OFR （oxygen free radical）, endotoxin, etc. may play important roles in its progression.
基金Project supported by the National Cancer Institute of Canada
文摘The progress in the understanding of cancer progression and early detection has been slow and frustrating due to the complex multifactorial nature and heterogeneity of the cancer syndrome. To date, no effective treatment is available for advanced cancers, which remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Clearly, there is urgent need to unravel novel biomarkers for early detection. Most of the functional information of the cancer-associated genes resides in the proteome. The later is an exceptionally complex biological system involving several proteins that function through posttranslational modifications and dynamic inter-molecular collisions with partners. These protein complexes can be regulated by signals emanating from cancer cells, their sur-rounding tissue microenvironment, and/or from the host. Some proteins are secreted and/or cleaved into the extracellular milieu and may represent valuable serum biomarkers for diagnosis purpose. It is estimated that the cancer proteome may include over 1.5 million proteins as a result of posttranslational processing and modifications. Such complexity clearly highlights the need for ultra-high resolution proteomic technology for robust quantitative protein measurements and data acquisition. This review is to update the current research efforts in high-resolution proteomic technology for discovery and monitoring cancer biomarkers.
文摘Ionic liquids （ILs） are green solvents that have attracted great attention in recent years due to their unique properties. In this paper the latest progresses in both the fundamental studies and applications of ILs have been summarized, with the emphasis on the topics of physical properties, catalytic reactions, and biochemical engineering. The critical problems in the applications of the ILs have been addresses, and the prospective of the ILs were finally predicted.
基金Supported by the Action Planning Project of the Service Businesses of Scientific Research Institutions in Guizhou Province(Qiankehe[2016]5713)(2016-2019)~~
文摘The concept and research progress of functional feed were summarized. Compared with the basic nutrition, functional feed is a kind of new health care feed which contains functional ingredients, and can promote the growth of animal health, enhance immunity, improve the quality of animal products, improve the level of ani- mal welfare, reduce environmental pollution, improve the ecological environment, as well as increase the economic benefits. Studies on the functional feed are mainly concentrated in the development of functional feed products, and but few to under- stand the compositions and compatibility mechanism of the functional components that have the function effects. Moreover, these functional components are low in plants, so the wide application in feed industry requires research on biological engi- neering and chemical synthesis, which will become the trend of future research.
文摘This paper reviews recent developments in nonlinear control technologies for shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators in robotics and their related applications. SMA possesses large hysteresis, low bandwidth, slow response, and non-linear behavior, which make them difficult to control. The fast response of the SMA actuator mostly depends upon, (1) type of controller, (2) rate of addition and removal of heat, and (3) shape or form of the actuator. Though linear controllers are more desirable than nonlinear ones, the review of literature shows that the results obtained using nonlinear controllers were far better than the former one. Therefore, more emphasis is made on the nonlinear control technologies taking into account the intelligent controllers. Various forms of SMA actuator along with different heating and cooling methods are presented in this review, followed by the nonlinear control methods and the control problems encountered by the researchers.
文摘Since the identification of hepatitis C virus （HCV） genome in 1989m, a lot of progresses have been done about the understanding of HCV biology, natural history and therapeutic options. HCV is a member of the Flaviviridae viral family. Its genome is a positive simple strand RNA molecule which shows significant genetic variability. The HCV nomenclature has been recently re-examined by an international group of scientific experts in the field of HCV genetic variability or involved in HCV data base.
文摘Increasing the efficiency of water use by crops continues to escalate as a topic of concem because drought is a restrictive environmental factor for crop productivity woridwide .Greater yield per unit rainfall is one of the most important challenges in water-saving agriculture Besides water-saving by irrigation engineering and conservation tillage, a good understanding of factors limiting and/or regulating yleld now provides us with an opportunity to identify and then precisely seiect for physiciogical and breeding traits that increase the efficiency of water use and drought tolerance under water-limited conditions, biological water-saving is one means of achieving this goal, A definition of bilogical water-saving measures is proposed which embraces improvements in water use efficiency （WUE） and drought tolerance, by genetic improvement and physiological regulation. The preponderance of bilogical water-saving measures is discussed and strategies identified for working within natural resource constraints. The technology and future perspectives of bilogical water saving could provide not only new water-saving techniques but also a scientific base for application of water-saving irrigation and conservation tillage.
