AIM: There is limited information on the natural history ofHCV infection in China. We investigated the outcome ofHCV infection after nine-year follow-up and the risk factorsin blood donors in China in order to provide...AIM: There is limited information on the natural history ofHCV infection in China. We investigated the outcome ofHCV infection after nine-year follow-up and the risk factorsin blood donors in China in order to provide the foundationfor prevention and therapy.METHODS: A total of 172 cases of HCV infection with anti-HCV positive and ALT abnormality were enrolled in thearchives when was screened blood in Hebei Province in1993. In them 142 blood donors were followed up till July2002. No antiviral treatment was applied to them duringthe period of infection. In the present study, anti-HCV, HCV-RNA and aminotransferase were detected and genotypingwas conducted by the method of restriction fragment lengthpolymorphism(RFLP). B-type ultrasound detection wasperformed in all the patients. Age, sex, alcohol consumptionand clinical symptoms were questioned.RESULTS: After nine years' follow-up, 10.56% (15/142)of the cases were negative for anti-HCV and 16.42% (12/134)of them were negative for HCV-RNA. The genotypes lb,2a and lb/2a were 91.07%, 6.25% and 2.68% respectively.Twelve cases (8.45%) were negative for both HCV RNAand anti-HCV. The rate of chronicity in this group was83.58% (112/134), and the rate of viral spontaneousresolution was 16.42% (22/134). The mean level of ALT,AST, y-GT in HCV RNA positive cases was significantlyhigher than that in HCV RNA negative cases (P<0.001).The abnormal rate of ALT and/or AST in male donors wassignificantly higher than that in female donors (P = 0.005).The rate of progression to liver cirrhosis from chronic hepatitisC was significantly higher in the cases of super-infectionwith HBV than that in the cases of single HCV infection.Overdose alcohol consumption promoted the progressionto chronicity.CONCLUSION: This area (Hebei Province) has a higherrate of chronicity in HCV infection, and measures shouldbe taken to prevent its progression to serious liver diseases,especially for patients super-infected with HCV and HBV.展开更多
Many researchers have concluded that longer life expectancies prompt increased investment in education,as a prolonged labor supply raises the rate of return on education.Besides explaining the empirical evidence behin...Many researchers have concluded that longer life expectancies prompt increased investment in education,as a prolonged labor supply raises the rate of return on education.Besides explaining the empirical evidence behind this conclusion(at an absolute level),there is another issue to be discussed:does time spent studying and working increase proportionally with higher longevity? Building on an extended life-cycle model,this paper shows that prolonged life expectancy will cause individuals to increase their time in education but may not warrant rises in labor input.Later we show that higher improvement rate of longevity rather than initial life expectancy will promote economic growth,even we exclude the mechanism of human capital formation,and only consider growth effects of higher improvement rate of life expectancy from physical capital investment.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Key Technologies Research and Development Program of China during the 10~(th) Five-Year period,No.2001BA705B06
文摘AIM: There is limited information on the natural history ofHCV infection in China. We investigated the outcome ofHCV infection after nine-year follow-up and the risk factorsin blood donors in China in order to provide the foundationfor prevention and therapy.METHODS: A total of 172 cases of HCV infection with anti-HCV positive and ALT abnormality were enrolled in thearchives when was screened blood in Hebei Province in1993. In them 142 blood donors were followed up till July2002. No antiviral treatment was applied to them duringthe period of infection. In the present study, anti-HCV, HCV-RNA and aminotransferase were detected and genotypingwas conducted by the method of restriction fragment lengthpolymorphism(RFLP). B-type ultrasound detection wasperformed in all the patients. Age, sex, alcohol consumptionand clinical symptoms were questioned.RESULTS: After nine years' follow-up, 10.56% (15/142)of the cases were negative for anti-HCV and 16.42% (12/134)of them were negative for HCV-RNA. The genotypes lb,2a and lb/2a were 91.07%, 6.25% and 2.68% respectively.Twelve cases (8.45%) were negative for both HCV RNAand anti-HCV. The rate of chronicity in this group was83.58% (112/134), and the rate of viral spontaneousresolution was 16.42% (22/134). The mean level of ALT,AST, y-GT in HCV RNA positive cases was significantlyhigher than that in HCV RNA negative cases (P<0.001).The abnormal rate of ALT and/or AST in male donors wassignificantly higher than that in female donors (P = 0.005).The rate of progression to liver cirrhosis from chronic hepatitisC was significantly higher in the cases of super-infectionwith HBV than that in the cases of single HCV infection.Overdose alcohol consumption promoted the progressionto chronicity.CONCLUSION: This area (Hebei Province) has a higherrate of chronicity in HCV infection, and measures shouldbe taken to prevent its progression to serious liver diseases,especially for patients super-infected with HCV and HBV.
基金the POS DOC Research Fund(Grant No. 05646997) which is sponsored by the Shorenstein AsiaPacific Research Center at Stanford University
文摘Many researchers have concluded that longer life expectancies prompt increased investment in education,as a prolonged labor supply raises the rate of return on education.Besides explaining the empirical evidence behind this conclusion(at an absolute level),there is another issue to be discussed:does time spent studying and working increase proportionally with higher longevity? Building on an extended life-cycle model,this paper shows that prolonged life expectancy will cause individuals to increase their time in education but may not warrant rises in labor input.Later we show that higher improvement rate of longevity rather than initial life expectancy will promote economic growth,even we exclude the mechanism of human capital formation,and only consider growth effects of higher improvement rate of life expectancy from physical capital investment.
