Pyrolysis properties of lignin separated from four different kinds of wood （fir, larch, poplar, and eucalyptus） compared with commercial lignin were investigated using a thermogravimetric analyzer coupled to a...Pyrolysis properties of lignin separated from four different kinds of wood （fir, larch, poplar, and eucalyptus） compared with commercial lignin were investigated using a thermogravimetric analyzer coupled to a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer（TG-FTIR）. Kinetic parameters of lignin thermal cracking reaction, such as activation energy and pre-exponential factor, were calculated using a three-dimensional diffusion model. The carbon residue rate and activation energy of softwood lignin were higher than those of hardwood lignin, showing that the decomposition of the former is relatively more dif？cult than that of the latter during pyrolysis. The distinct characteristic peaks of small-molecule gases and oxygenated chemicals such as ethers, phenols, acids, aldehydes, and alcohols were observed near the maximum weight loss rate by analyzing the 3D IR spectrum of the gas phase products. The formation routes of the main gaseous products were discussed, and the following order of releasing amounts was noted： CO2〉CH4〉H2O〉CO. It is believed that these results will provide valuable information for the thermo-chemical conversion process of lignin from the point of view of feedstock.展开更多
Current paper presents the influence of academic chess activity in Armenian schools. Nowadays, people face many obstacles connected with the high quality education. This sphere forces them to implement new methods and...Current paper presents the influence of academic chess activity in Armenian schools. Nowadays, people face many obstacles connected with the high quality education. This sphere forces them to implement new methods and approaches in everyday learning process. The following academic research done on research as a deliberate chess activity software testing platform for professional dynamic development of the education sector showed that the implementation of academic chess with low grade students may have positive effect. The experiment done in this paper is closely related to the inclusive education as well. Mainly this experiment showed that collaborative training or learning can be very positive when children with disabilities are integrated in the learning process.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the incidence and pattern of rhodopsin (RHO) mutations in Chinese patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Methods: Conformation sensitive gel electrophoresis (CSGE) and direct DNA sequencing we...Objective: To evaluate the incidence and pattern of rhodopsin (RHO) mutations in Chinese patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Methods: Conformation sensitive gel electrophoresis (CSGE) and direct DNA sequencing were applied to detect point mutations that occurred in the five coding exons and splice sites of RHO gene in 98 index patients with RP. Results: Four patients of one ADRP family were found to have a missense mutation at codon 347, Pro347Leu. One late-onset RP patient and her daughter, without clinical expression at present, were discovered to have a novel frameshift mutation at codon 327, Pro327 (1-bp del) . Neither of the two mutations was found in 100 normal controls. Ala299Ser was found in one RP patient. Two control subjects also had Ala299Ser, suggesting its nonpathogenicity and just single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Conclusion: Two RP patients had rhodopsin mutations, thus the expected frequency of RHO mutations in RP is about 2.0% (95% confidence interval: 0.3%-4.4%). A highly conserved C-terminal sequence QVS(A) PA was altered due to Pro347Leu and thereby misdirecting rhodopsin to incorrect subcellular location. Loss of all phosphory-lation sites at the C-terminus and a highly conserved sequence QVS(A)PA may occur because of Pro327(1-bp del) . To elucidate the predominant biochemical defects in such mutant, transgenic mice and transfected culture cells carrying Pro327(1-bp del) would be of great value.展开更多
文摘Pyrolysis properties of lignin separated from four different kinds of wood （fir, larch, poplar, and eucalyptus） compared with commercial lignin were investigated using a thermogravimetric analyzer coupled to a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer（TG-FTIR）. Kinetic parameters of lignin thermal cracking reaction, such as activation energy and pre-exponential factor, were calculated using a three-dimensional diffusion model. The carbon residue rate and activation energy of softwood lignin were higher than those of hardwood lignin, showing that the decomposition of the former is relatively more dif？cult than that of the latter during pyrolysis. The distinct characteristic peaks of small-molecule gases and oxygenated chemicals such as ethers, phenols, acids, aldehydes, and alcohols were observed near the maximum weight loss rate by analyzing the 3D IR spectrum of the gas phase products. The formation routes of the main gaseous products were discussed, and the following order of releasing amounts was noted： CO2〉CH4〉H2O〉CO. It is believed that these results will provide valuable information for the thermo-chemical conversion process of lignin from the point of view of feedstock.
文摘Current paper presents the influence of academic chess activity in Armenian schools. Nowadays, people face many obstacles connected with the high quality education. This sphere forces them to implement new methods and approaches in everyday learning process. The following academic research done on research as a deliberate chess activity software testing platform for professional dynamic development of the education sector showed that the implementation of academic chess with low grade students may have positive effect. The experiment done in this paper is closely related to the inclusive education as well. Mainly this experiment showed that collaborative training or learning can be very positive when children with disabilities are integrated in the learning process.
文摘Objective: To evaluate the incidence and pattern of rhodopsin (RHO) mutations in Chinese patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Methods: Conformation sensitive gel electrophoresis (CSGE) and direct DNA sequencing were applied to detect point mutations that occurred in the five coding exons and splice sites of RHO gene in 98 index patients with RP. Results: Four patients of one ADRP family were found to have a missense mutation at codon 347, Pro347Leu. One late-onset RP patient and her daughter, without clinical expression at present, were discovered to have a novel frameshift mutation at codon 327, Pro327 (1-bp del) . Neither of the two mutations was found in 100 normal controls. Ala299Ser was found in one RP patient. Two control subjects also had Ala299Ser, suggesting its nonpathogenicity and just single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Conclusion: Two RP patients had rhodopsin mutations, thus the expected frequency of RHO mutations in RP is about 2.0% (95% confidence interval: 0.3%-4.4%). A highly conserved C-terminal sequence QVS(A) PA was altered due to Pro347Leu and thereby misdirecting rhodopsin to incorrect subcellular location. Loss of all phosphory-lation sites at the C-terminus and a highly conserved sequence QVS(A)PA may occur because of Pro327(1-bp del) . To elucidate the predominant biochemical defects in such mutant, transgenic mice and transfected culture cells carrying Pro327(1-bp del) would be of great value.
