使用形状记忆合金的静态破岩机

利用最大形状恢复力可达７００ＭＰａ的钛镍形状记忆合金研制了一种新型的静态破岩机．这种破岩机由预压过的钛镍合金棒和一对双层楔形钢板构成，它除了加热装置外无需其它辅助设施。为了研究该破岩机的性能，用花岗岩和混凝土试件进行了室内试验并以位移非连续法（ＤＤＭ）完成了数值计算分析。结果证明，该破岩机性能良好并可控制裂纹的起始和扩展方向。

采用大型液压破岩机进行隧道挖施工

本文主要介绍用大型破岩机对告近城市住宅而不能使用爆破法的隧道进行挖掘施工的概况，因其具有振动速度小，对周围环境影响小，岩体的松动小，超挖量减小及作业效果高等是被推广使用。

液压冲击型破岩机探讨

介绍了液压冲击型破岩机的原理、结构及其应用。

新型冲击破岩掘进机工作机构疲劳寿命分析

为探究新型冲击破岩掘进机工作机构的结构性能,根据建立的虚拟样机仿真模型选取2种典型工况进行分析;利用建立的冲击锤力学模型求得凿入力;利用ANSYS对该工作机构的2种典型工况进行疲劳寿命分析。研究表明,工作机构疲劳寿命较低的部位主要集中在各构件的铰接处;最低寿命出现在液压冲击锤与转锤液压缸的铰接处为4.937×10~7;不同步(偏载)的疲劳寿命明显低于同步(正载);工况1(正常作业姿态)的疲劳寿命明显高于工况2(极限作业姿态);新型冲击破岩掘进机工作机构满足疲劳寿命要求。

岩石隧道掘进机的施工预测模型

分析了岩石隧道掘进机的破岩机理,介绍了自上世纪70年代以来发展的一系列施工预测模型,包括单因素预测模型、综合预测模型(CSM模型和NTNU模型)、岩体分类预测模型(QTBM模型)、概率模型、模糊神经网络模型。单因素预测模型中包括的主要岩石材料参数有岩石单轴抗压强度、抗拉强度及岩石的总硬度;CSM模型主要是基于线性切割试验机岩石试验数据,其初始预测模型中包括岩石单轴抗压强度及抗拉强度;NTNU模型是一套完整的预测模型,包括掘进速度、进度预测、刀具的磨损预测及经济分析,在它的施工进度预测模型中,考虑到了岩石的可钻性、孔隙度及岩体节理的密度及方向;QTBM模型源自于Q系统,加入了一些与隧道掘进机及与掘进速度相关的参数;概率模型是基于一个庞大数据库的类比模拟模型;模糊神经网络模型是一种黑箱模型,克服了输入与输出之间的不确定性关系。

岩石破碎技术发展趋势

介绍了当今发展中的岩石破碎新方法、原理、水射流、微波等新技术的使用状况以及劈岩机在矿山得到进一步的发展情况。

隧道掘进机刀盘结构性能评价研究关键问题分析

刀盘是隧道掘进机的关键部件,刀盘的结构性能会影响隧道掘进机的施工效率、施工成本及施工安全,因此对刀盘结构性能进行综合评价对工程实践具有重要指导意义。文章首先从刀具破岩机理、刀盘布局设计及掘进性能评价三方面对国内外研究现状进行了综述,总结了研究成果及存在的局限性;基于研究现状,提出了刀盘结构性能评价研究需要解决的关键问题。研究认为:需全面考虑刀盘结构参数的影响,进一步完善整个刀盘刀群的破岩机理、刀盘及刀具布局设计,以及掘进性能预测模型。

Ground response and failure mechanism of gob-side entry by roof cutting with hard main roof

This study is the result of long-term efforts of the authors’team to assess ground response of gob-side entry by roof cutting(GSERC)with hard main roof,aiming at scientific control for GSERC deformation.A comprehensive field measurement program was conducted to determine entry deformation,roof fracture zone,and anchor bolt(cable)loading.The results indicate that GSERC deformation presents asymmetric characteristics.The maximum convergence near roof cutting side is 458 mm during the primary use process and 1120 mm during the secondary reuse process.The entry deformation is closely associated with the primary development stage,primary use stage,and secondary reuse stage.The key block movement of roof cutting structure,a complex stress environment,and a mismatch in the supporting design scheme are the failure mechanism of GSERC.A controlling ideology for mining states,including regional and stage divisions,was proposed.Both dynamic and permanent support schemes have been implemented in the field.Engineering practice results indicate that the new support scheme can efficiently ensure long-term entry safety and could be a reliable approach for other engineering practices.

支撑式冲击破岩掘进机支护机构疲劳寿命预测方法研究

为了解决机构疲劳寿命预测难度大的难题,获得高精度支撑式冲击破岩掘进机支护机构疲劳寿命预测方法,保证其工作安全性,利用Solidworks和ANSYS软件完成支护机构危险工况下静强度分析。在此基础上,通过引入灰色系统模型GM(1,1)对传统Miner准则进行修改和完善,建立支护机构疲劳寿命预测的灰色Miner法。结果表明:灰色系统模型GM(1,1)预测精度可达91.375%。与支护机构实际疲劳寿命相比较,灰色Miner法预测相对误差仅为5%,预测效果优于传统Miner准则法,证明了灰色Miner法的正确性和可行性,为支撑式冲击破岩掘进机支护机构的疲劳寿命预测提供了新的方法。

Experimental studies on pillar failure characteristics based on acoustic emission location technique

Acoustic emission （AE） technique is a useful tool for investigating rock damage mechanism, and is used to study the temporal-spatial evolution process of microcracks during the similar pillar material experiment. A combined AE location algorithm was developed based on the Least square algorithm and Geiger location algorithm. The pencil break test results show that the location precision can meet the demand of microcrack monitoring. The 3D location of AE events can directly reflect the process of initiation, propagation and evolutionary of microcracks. During the loading process, stress is much likely concentrated on the area between pillar and roof of the specimen, where belongs to danger zone of macroscopic failure. When rock reaches its plastic deformation stage, AE events begin to decrease, which indicates that AE quiet period can be seen as precursor characteristic of rock failure.

Feasibility of stochastic gradient boosting approach for predicting rockburst damage in burst-prone mines

The database of 254 rockburst events was examined for rockburst damage classification using stochastic gradient boosting （SGB） methods. Five potentially relevant indicators including the stress condition factor, the ground support system capacity, the excavation span, the geological structure and the peak particle velocity of rockburst sites were analyzed. The performance of the model was evaluated using a 10 folds cross-validation （CV） procedure with 80%of original data during modeling, and an external testing set （20%） was employed to validate the prediction performance of the SGB model. Two accuracy measures for multi-class problems were employed： classification accuracy rate and Cohen’s Kappa. The accuracy analysis together with Kappa for the rockburst damage dataset reveals that the SGB model for the prediction of rockburst damage is acceptable.

美国矿业局研究改进地下金属矿和非金属矿的开采技术

本文叙述了美国矿业局当前的研究计划,该计划旨在发展能提高金属矿和非金属矿效率和生产率的技术。研究计划谈到的问题十分广泛,几乎涉及每一种主要的开采类型:地下开采、露天开采、原地采矿以及采前调研。文中对矿业局的研究活动作了概述,重点放在地下开采上。特别着重说明了目前正在研究的两种富有革新精神的和有前途的设想:一种用冲击锤破岩的独特的竖井掘进装置和一种井下破碎硬岩用的外形低矮的移动式破碎机。

凿岩机械与气动工具

GJ20024323 液压冲击型破岩机探讨[刊,中)/范恩荣//矿山机械.—2002.29(12).—14～16介绍了液压冲击型破岩机的原理、结构及其应用。图2参1GJ20024324 全液压凿岩台车专用防卡杆阀的设计与应用[刊,中]/李东明//矿山机械.—2002,29(12).—17～19根据全液压凿岩台车对防卡杆装置的要求,提出一种新型的防卡杆阀。

Numerical and experimental investigation of rock breaking method under free surface by TBM disc cutter

To study the rock breaking method under the free surface induced by disc cutter,the rock breaking simulations were first conducted based on the discrete element method,and the dynamic process of rock breaking under the free surface was studied including stressed zone,crush zone,crack initiation and propagation.Then the crack propagation conditions,specific energy,etc.under different free surface distance(S)were also investigated combined with linear cutting experiments.The results show that the rock breaking process under the free surface induced by disc cutter is dominated by tension failure mode.There exists a critical S to promote crack propagation to free surface effectively.And this rock breaking method can improve the rock breaking force and breaking efficiency significantly when proper.

Failure mechanism and stability control technology of rock surrounding a roadway in complex stress conditions

To solve the problem of supporting three downhill coal structures in the Yongan Coal Mine of Shanxi Jincheng, we studied the regular development of stress and plastic zones and characteristics of deformation of rock surrounding roadway groups after a period of roadway driving, mining one side as well as mining both sides, we used FLAC 3D for our numerical and theoretical analyses. Field test were carried out, where we revealed the deformation mechanism of roadways and its coal pillars in complex stress conditions. We proposed a roadway stability control technology using backwall grouting with high-water rapid hardening material and combined support with bolt and cable anchoring after mining both sides. Our field practices showed that deformation of rock surrounding roadways can be controlled with this technology.

Kinematic analysis of shallow tunnel in layered strata considering joined effects of settlement and seepage

The purpose of this work is to predict the state of collapse in shallow tunnel in layered strata by using a new curved failure mechanism within the framework of upper bound theorem.Particular emphasis is first given to consider the effects of seepage forces and surface settlement.Furthermore,the Hoek-Brown nonlinear failure criterion is adopted to analyze the influence of different factors on the collapsing shape.Two different curve functions which describe two different rock layers are obtained by virtual work equations under the variational principle.According to the numerical results,the parameter B in Hoek-Brown failure criterion and the unit weights in different rock layers have a positive relationship with the size of collapsing block while pore pressure coefficient and the parameter A in Hoek-Brown failure criterion present a reverse tend.

Model test to investigate failure mechanism and loading characteristics of shallow-bias tunnels with small clear distance

Based on the similarity theory,a tunnel excavation simulation testing system under typical unsymmetrical loading conditions was established.Using this system,the failure mechanism of surrounding rock of shallow-bias tunnels with small clear distance was analyzed along with the load characteristics.The results show that:1) The failure process of surrounding rock of shallow-bias tunnels with small clear distance consists of structural and stratum deformation induced by tunnel excavation; Microfracture surfaces are formed in the tunnel surrounding rock and extend deep into the rock mass in a larger density; Tensile cracking occurs in shallow position on the deep-buried side,with shear slip in deep rock mass.In the meantime,rapid deformation and slip take place on the shallow-buried side until the surrounding rocks totally collapse.The production and development of micro-fracture surfaces in the tunnel surrounding rock and tensile cracking in the shallow position on the deep-buried side represent the key stages of failure.2) The final failure mode is featured by an inverted conical fracture with tunnel arch as its top and the slope at tunnel entrance slope as its bottom.The range of failure on the deep-buried side is significantly larger than that on the shallow-buried side.Such difference becomes more prominent with the increasing bias angle.What distinguishes it from the "linear fracture surface" model is that the model proposed has a larger fracture angle on the two sides.Moreover,the bottom of the fracture is located at the springing line of tunnel arch.3) The total vertical load increases with bias angle.Compared with the existing methods,the unsymmetrical loading effect in measurement is more prominent.At last,countermeasures are proposed according to the analysis results: during engineering process,1) The surrounding rock mass on the deep-buried side should be reinforced apart from the tunnel surrounding rock for shallow-buried tunnels with small clear distance; moreover,the scope of consolidation should go beyond the midline of tunnel(along the direction of the top of slope) by 4 excavation spans of single tunnel.2) It is necessary to modify the load value of shallow-bias tunnels with small clear distance.

Formation mechanism of rockburst in deep tunnel adjacent to faults:Implication from numerical simulation and microseismic monitoring

Rockbursts were frequently encountered in the construction of deeply buried tunnels at the Jinping-II hydropower station, Southwest China. In those cases, the existence of large structural planes, such as faults, was usually observed near the excavation boundaries. The formation mechanism of the “11·28” rockburst, which was a typical rockburst and occurred in a drainage tunnel under a deep burial depth, high in-situ stress state and complex geological conditions, has been difficult to explain. Realistic failure process analysis(RFPA3D) software was adopted to numerically simulate the whole failure process of the surrounding rock mass around the tunnel subjected to excavation. The spatial distribution of acoustic emission derived from numerical simulation contributed to explaining the mechanical responses of the process. Analyses of the stress, safety reserve coefficient and damage degree were performed to reveal the effect of faults on the formation of rockbursts in the deep tunnel. The existence of faults results in the formation of stress anomaly areas between the tunnel and the fault. The surrounding rock mass failure propagates toward the fault from the initial failure, to different degrees. The relative positions and angles of faults play significant roles in the extent and development of surrounding rock mass failure, respectively. The increase in the lateral stress coefficient leads to the aggravation of the surrounding rock mass damage, especially in the roof and floor of the tunnel. Moreover, as the rock strength-stress ratio increases, the failure mode of the near-fault tunnel gradually changes from the stress-controlled type to the compound-controlled type. These findings were consistent with the microseismic monitoring results and field observations, which was helpful to understand the mechanical behavior of tunnel excavation affected by faults. The achievements of this study can provide some references for analysis of the failure mechanisms of similar deep tunnels.

Experimental study on acoustic emission characteristics of jointed rock mass by double disc cutter

The characteristics of joints are crucial factors which influence the penetration efficiency of tunnel boring machine(TBM).Based on the theoretical study,numerical simulation and experimental research,many researchers have studied the interaction between TBM disc cutters and jointed rock mass.However,in most of these works,the effect of joint on rock fragmentation by double disc cutter has been scarcely investigated.Thus,the effects of joint orientation and joint space on rock fragmentation by double disc cutter are highlighted in this study.During the test,jointed concrete specimens are adopted to simulate jointed rock mass.Improved RYL-600rock shear rheological instrument was employed during the indentation process under disc cutters,and acoustic emission location system was used to analyze the rock damage and physical deterioration.The results show that there are four failure modes and three modes of crack initiation and propagation in jointed rock mass.It is concluded that the existing joint planes have obviously restrained the crack initiation and propagation during the rock fragmentation process.The results also indicate that samples are damaged most seriously when joint orientation equals60°,which is proved to be the optimum joint orientation in TBM penetration.

Deformation features and failure mechanism of steep rock slope under the mining activities and rainfall

Underground mining activities and rainfall have potential important influence on the initiation and reactivation of the slope deformations,especially on the steep rock slope. In this paper,using the discrete element method(UDEC),numerical simulation was carried out to investigate deformation features and the failure mechanism of the steep rock slope under mining activities and rainfall. A steep rock slope numerical model was created based on a case study at the Wulong area in Chongqing city,China. Mechanical parameters of the rock mass have been determined by situ measurements and laboratory measurements. A preliminary site monitoring system has been realized,aiming at getting structure movements and stresses of unstablerock masses at the most significant discontinuities. According to the numerical model calibrated based on the monitoring data,four types of operation conditions are designed to reveal the effect of mining excavation and extreme rainfall on the deformation of the steep rock slope.