花生种皮变化对种子抗破损力的影响

通过研究花生干燥和存储过程中种子含水量、种皮超显微结构和果胶质含量,分析种皮结构变化对种子抗破损力的影响及其对种胚的保护机理。结果表明,在种子的晾晒和存储过程中,含水量由30%快速降至9%,种皮原果胶质不断转化为水溶性果胶质,种皮细胞逐渐衰老,细胞壁分离破碎,种皮结构不断空洞化和断裂。这些变化可能严重影响了种皮的机械强度和保护作用,并使得花生种子对破损力的抗性持续降低,机械脱壳的种子破碎概率增加。

典型品种花生米静压力学特性及有限元分析

为深入研究花生米的力学特性,从机理上解决花生脱壳机械加工过程中的花生米破损伤问题,选取辽宁省主栽花生品种大白沙、黑花生、两粒红和小白沙为研究对象,使用万能物料试验机进行花生米静压力学特性试验,分析不同含水率(4%、14%、21%和32%)、不同放置方式(正放、侧放和立放)下各品种花生米的破损形式、破损力、变形量及压缩功的变化情况,并使用有限元法,对花生米组织内部的应力和应变情况进行建模分析。结果表明:花生米的损伤形式与含水率有关,含水率为4%时,不同放置方式下花生米内部损伤均大于50%;含水率为32%时,不同放置方式下花生米内部损伤均小于20%;在5%的显著性水平下,花生米的含水率和放置方式对破损力有显著性影响,外力加载速度对破损力无显著性影响;花生米立放时的破损力普遍小于正放和侧放;花生米的破损力随含水率的增加而增加,二者近似呈线性关系;花生米破损过程中的压缩功随含水率的增加而增加;正面加载时,花生米水平方向横截面积越大,应力和位移越小;腹面加载时,子叶结合面处应力和位移最大;顶部加载时,中间部位应力最大,顶部位移最大。试验结果与花生米实际损伤情况相符,研究结论可为花生的运输、加工等环节技术参数的设计优化提供理论基础。

花生荚果力学特性研究

为深入研究花生的力学特性,减小花生在机械脱壳过程中的损伤,以大白沙、黑花生、两粒红、小白沙4种东北地区主摘花生品种为研究对象,设计了花生荚果静压力学特性实验;以花生荚果破损形式、破损力、变形量为实验指标,以花生品种、受力位置、含水率、加载速度为影响因素,对花生荚果损伤力学特性进行了分析。结果表明:受力位置、含水率对荚果的损伤形式有一定影响;含水率、放置方式、花生品种对花生荚果破壳力有显著影响;含水率、放置方式、加载速度对花生荚果变形量有显著影响。研究结论可为花生收获、脱壳等机械加工等工艺参数的优化设计提供理论依据和技术参考。

禽蛋聚氯乙烯弹性薄壁包装盒的设计与力学特性试验

为了降低禽蛋运输破损率,优化禽蛋包装结构,该文分析了中国禽蛋运输包装与分级现状,应用力学理论设计新型聚氯乙烯(PVC,polyvinyl chloride),弹性薄壁禽蛋包装盒,利用质构仪测试比较当前流通蛋盒和新设计蛋盒空载和满载时的力学特性,分析包装在运输中禽蛋破损率随装载数量、载荷、位移和加载时间等影响因素的变化规律,检验包装盒对禽蛋的保护性能,测试包装盒的保护效果,然后对产品进行成本分析。结果表明:1)设计盒侧壁结构,当前流通PVC包装盒承受载荷为80~100 N,新型PVC包装盒承受载荷分别为90~130 N,新结构抗压能力增强;2)装载鸡蛋数量越多,整体抗载能力增强,满盒时抗载能力最大;3)与当前流通中同类型PVC包装盒比较,使用新PVC结构包装盒,禽蛋运输破损率降低了0.72%。该文通过包装盒的理论分析、试验验证,获得较佳禽蛋包装盒结构形式,通过成本比较,表明禽蛋新包装可以降低禽蛋破损率,减少成本。研究结果为禽蛋缓冲包装探索,无损运输包装设计机理打下理论基础,为蛋品包装提供了设计方法和试验途径。

花生荚果及花生仁力学特性试验研究

以海花1号为研究对象,调湿处理后采用物性分析仪对其进行力学性能测试。结果表明:花生荚果及花生仁含水率随着调湿比例的增加而增加,调湿比例达到一定程度时花生荚果及花生仁达到饱和;花生荚果及花生仁的放置方式和含水率对其破裂力、破损力影响极显著,立放时花生荚果的破裂力、花生仁破损力最小,正放次之,侧放最大;随着含水率的增加,花生荚果的破裂力和花生仁的破损力先减小再增加,并且花生仁的破损力的平均值均高于花生荚果的破裂力的平均值,因此有利于果壳的分离。

叶类蔬菜有序收获夹持输送的力学特性研究

为确定叶类蔬菜机械化收获参数,以收获期上海青为研究对象,通过夹持部位破损临界力试验分析上海青的无损夹持力。针对目前采用万能试验机进行压缩试验的不足,设计了一款夹持参数测定试验平台,该试验平台可对夹持输送作业的相关参数进行调整,并借助传感器对作业过程实时记录。以夹持角度(15°~25°)、夹持高度(2.0~4.0 cm)和夹持材料(橡胶同步带、花纹输送带、蓝布海绵皮带)为影响因素,以破损临界力和破损压缩量为评价指标,通过响应曲面试验优化上海青收获过程中夹持输送的综合影响因素,建立了影响因素与评价指标之间的回归方程式,并探究各因素组合对上海青夹持输送的影响。结果表明,当以蓝布海绵皮带为夹持材料、以最小破损临界力和破损压缩量为目标时,破损临界力和破损压缩量分别为16.95 N和18.03 mm,在夹持角度15°和夹持高度2.0 cm处。在实际收获中为减少上海青的损伤率,应保持夹持力在最小夹持力和破损临界力之间。

Rock burst induced by roof breakage and its prevention

Based on the research on rock burst phenomenon induced by the breakage of thick and hard roof around roadways and working faces in coal mines, a criterion of rock burst induced by roof breakage （RBRB） was proposed and the model was built. Through the model, a method calculating the varied stresses induced by roof breakage in support objects and coal body was proposed and a unified formula was derived for the calculation of stress increment on support objects and coal body under different breaking forms of roof. Whilst the formula for calculating dynamic load was derived by introducing dynamic index Kd. The formula was verified in Huating Mine by stress measurement. According to the formula for stress increment calculating, the sensitivities of dynamic load parameters were further studied. The results show that the thickness and breaking depth of roof, width of support objeet are the sensitive factors. Based on the discussion of the model, six associated effective methods for rock burst prevention are obtained.

Evaluation of Blast-Resistant Performance Predicted by Damaged Plasticity Model for Concrete

in order to evaluate the capacity of reinforced concrete （RC） structures subjected to blast Ioadings, the damaged plasticity model for concrete was used in the analysis of the dynamic responses of blast-loaded RC structures, and all three failure modes were numerically simulated by the finite element software ABAQUS. Simulation results agree with the experimental observations. It is demonstrated that the damaged plasticity model for concrete in the finite element software ABAQUS can predict dynamic responses and typical flexure, flexure-shear and direct shear failure modes of the blast-loaded RC structures.

Theoretical analysis of characteristics of acoustic emission in rock failure based on statistical damage mechanics

Based on statistical damage mechanics,the constitutive model of a rock underthree-dimensional stress was established by the law that the statistical strength of rockmicro-element obeys Weibull distribution.The acoustic emission (AE) evolution model ofrock failure was put forward according to the view that rock damage and AE were consistent.Moreover,in the failure process of rock under three-dimensional stress,the change inrelationship between stress condition parameter and the characteristic parameters of AE,such as the event number and its change rate,were studied.Also,the rock AE characteristicunder uniaxial compression was analyzed in theory and verified with examples.Theresults indicate that the cumulative event number and change rate of AE in rock failure aredetermined by stress state parameter F.Along with the gradual increase of F,first the cumulativeevent number increases gradually,then rapidly,and then slowly after the stresspeak.The form of change rate of an event by increasing F is consistent with the distributionform of rock micro-element strength.The model explained the phenomenon that a relativelyquiet period of AE appears before rock rupture that is observed by many researchersin experiments.Verification examples indicate that the AE evolution model is consistentwith the test results,so the model is reasonable and correct.

Attenuation law of explosive stress wave in damaged rock mass

The attenuation regularity of explosion stress waves in damaged rocks is discussed according to physical and geometric attenuation of waves in this paper. The relation between numerical decrement and damaged parameter is given and the results have an important significance to design and control blasting effect accurately in a concrete rock.

Mechanical properties of deep sandstones under loading rate effect

The advance speed of the working face in coal mines can significantly affect the fluctuation frequency of abutment pressure in front of the coal body.Moreover,it has a certain correlation with the change of axial loading rate in coal and rock mechanics test.Therefore,uniaxial compression tests under various loading rates of 0.05,0.1,0.15,0.25,0.5 MPa/s were conducted using 2000 kN triaxial testing machine and PCI-2 acoustic emission test system to study the loading rate effect on the mechanical properties of deep sandstones.The results show that 1)the peak strength and elastic modulus of the deep sandstone increase with the loading rate increasing;2)with the loading rate increasing,the deep sandstone transforms from plastic-elastic-plastic to plastic-elastic and moreover,the failure mode gradually transfers from type I to type III;3)With the loading rate increasing,the total input strain energy,elastic strain energy,and dissipated strain energy generally increase;4)the damage variable presents the evolution characteristics of inverted“S”shape with time,and with the loading rate increasing,the damage degree of the deep sandstone is aggravated.The conclusion obtained can provide the theoretical basis for the stability control of the surrounding rock in deep engineering.

石壕煤矿井下主排水管道抗变形技术研究与应用

通过对石壕煤矿井下主排水管道抗变形技术研究与应用,安装管路伸缩装置的改造运行期间,各项指标均正常,运行效果良好,发现没有出现任何问题,没有出现破管子、烂管子的现象,同时也减少很多维修量,提高了使用效率,减少人力物力的大量投入,在煤矿的当前形势下,提倡合岗并岗,减少人员的浪费,优化调配的政策下,得到了很好的体现,同时也提高了可观的经济效益和使用价值,值得在煤矿井下主排水管路中推广应用。

Casualties' States During Destructive Earthquakes

The index of casualties is introduced for the trapped that is still alive after a destructive earthquake to indicate his (her) injury degree. In order to describe the injury-developing process controlled by three factors: the initial injury degree, the trap surroundings and the physique of the cornered, a function SFC (State-Function of Casualties) can be naturally constructed. Through parameter analysis from eight pieces of figures, it can be found that the trapped with weaker physique and worse initial injury degree and in more adverse trap surroundings deserves sooner rescue.

Damage and fracture behavior and spatio-temporal evolution of acoustic emission of sandstone before and after laser radiation

Laser technology holds significant promise for enhancing rock-breaking efficiency.Experimental investigations were carried out on sandstone subjected to laser radiation,aiming to elucidate its response mechanism to such radiation.The uniaxial compressive strength of sandstone notably decreases by 22.1%–54.7%following exposure to a 750 W laser for 30 s,indicating a substantial weakening effect.Furthermore,the elastic modulus and Poisson ratio of sandstone exhibit an average decrease of 33.7%and 25.9%,respectively.Simultaneously,laser radiation reduces the brittleness of sandstone,increases the dissipated energy proportion,and shifts the failure mode from tensile to tension-shear composite failure.Following laser radiation,both the number and energy of acoustic emission events in the sandstone register a substantial increase,with a more dispersed distribution of these events.In summary,laser radiation induces notable damage to the mechanical properties of sandstone,leading to a substantial decrease in elastic energy storage capacity.Laser rock breaking technology is expected to be applied in hard rock breaking engineering to significantly reduce the difficulty of rock breaking and improve rock breaking efficiency.

Stress transfer around a broken fiber in unidirectional fiber-reinforced composites considering matrix damage evolution and interface slipping

A shear-lag model is applied to study the stress transfer around a broken fiber within unidirectional fiber-reinforced composites(FRC) subjected to uniaxial tensile loading along the fiber direction.The matrix damage and interfacial debonding,which are the main failure modes,are considered in the model.The maximum stress criterion with the linear damage evolution theory is used for the matrix.The slipping friction stress is considered in the interfacial debonding region using Coulomb friction theory,in which interfacial clamping stress comes from radial residual stress and mismatch of Poisson's ratios of constituents(fiber and matrix).The stress distributions in the fiber and matrix are obtained by the shear-lag theory added with boundary conditions,which includes force continuity and displacement compatibility constraints in the broken and neighboring intact fibers.The result gives axial stress distribution in fibers and shear stress in the interface and compares the theory reasonably well with the measurement by a polarized light microscope.The relation curves between damage,debonding and ineffective region lengths with external strain loading are obtained.