岩石脆性破裂时破裂发射机理的研究——博士学位论文

地震发生前和地震发生时的地光、电磁异常和电磁辐射等现象由于与地震前兆现象有关而日益受到地球物理学家们的重视,但这些现象产生的原因至今仍不清楚.为了揭示这类自然现象的本质,人们提出了各种假说,然而由于缺乏可靠的实验证据和定量的理论计算,还没有一种假说得到公认.实验发现,一些简单的晶体材料在破裂时存在各种波和粒子发射。

基于AO优化VMD-小波包的岩石破裂声发射信号去噪算法

针对岩石在破裂过程中产生的大量含噪声发射信号问题,基于天鹰优化(Aquila Optimizer,AO)算法提出一种改进的变分模态分解(VMD)联合小波包分解的声发射(AE)信号去噪算法。利用Circle混沌优化的AO算法对VMD算法中的分解模态个数K和二次惩罚因子α进行寻优,有效避免了人为经验选取参数导致的时间消耗以及效果不佳等问题;利用得到的最优参数组合对岩石破裂声发射信号进行分解,得到一系列本征模态分量,结合相关系数筛选出含噪分量;然后利用小波包去噪算法对含噪分量进行处理;最后,将未处理的分量与降噪处理后的分量重构得到去噪后的AE信号。通过仿真和实测信号分析,结果表明与现有去噪算法相比,该算法能更好地去除AE信号中的噪声分量,保留信号的频域特征信息,可为后续利用声发射信号探究岩体破裂规律提供参考。

改进的VMD-ITD岩石声发射信号联合降噪方法

针对岩石破裂声发射信号具有非线性、非平稳以及大样本的特点和传统VMD、ITD算法对降噪处理时存在一定局限性的问题,提出一种改进VMD-ITD联合降噪方法。以钨岩为研究对象,首先采用分量能量比作为VMD的终止条件,将岩石破裂声发射信号分解得到多个IMF分量,将各分量与原始信号的互信息量作为各分量的加权因子进行重构信号,再对重构信号进行ITD分解以达到二次降噪的目的,最后以均方根误差与信噪比为去噪效果评价指标,对比分析VMD、ITD以及改进VMD-ITD联合降噪算法降噪效果。通过试验验证,改进VMD-ITD联合降噪算法在抑制非平稳信号噪声中,其均方根误差为4.5521,信噪比为10.0128。相比单一的VMD、ITD算法,降噪效果更好。

Failure properties of rocks in true triaxial unloading compressive test

Slabbing failure often occurs in the surround rock near a deep underground excavation. The mechanism of slabbing failure is still unclear. In order to reveal the influence of the intermediate principal stress （σ2） on slabbing failure, true triaxial unloading compressive test was carried out based on the stress path of the underground engineering excavation, i.e., unloading the minimum principal stress （σ3）, keeping σ2, increasing the maximum principal stress （σ1）. The initiation and the propagation of slabbing fracture in rock specimens were identified by examining the acoustic emission （AE） and the infrared radiation characterization. The test results show that the failure modes of the granite and red sandstone specimens are changed from shear to slabbing with the increase of σ2. The AE characteristic of rock specimen under low σ2 is swarm type which is the main shock type under high σ2. The infrared radiation properties of rock specimen under different σ2 are also different. The temperature change area is just along the shear fracture such as the uniaxial compression. With the increase of σ2, the temperature change area is planar of rock specimen which proofs that the failure mode of rock specimen turns into slabbing.

Experimental studies on pillar failure characteristics based on acoustic emission location technique

Acoustic emission （AE） technique is a useful tool for investigating rock damage mechanism, and is used to study the temporal-spatial evolution process of microcracks during the similar pillar material experiment. A combined AE location algorithm was developed based on the Least square algorithm and Geiger location algorithm. The pencil break test results show that the location precision can meet the demand of microcrack monitoring. The 3D location of AE events can directly reflect the process of initiation, propagation and evolutionary of microcracks. During the loading process, stress is much likely concentrated on the area between pillar and roof of the specimen, where belongs to danger zone of macroscopic failure. When rock reaches its plastic deformation stage, AE events begin to decrease, which indicates that AE quiet period can be seen as precursor characteristic of rock failure.

基于改进EFD-小波去噪算法的岩石压裂声发射信号分类

为准确识别岩石破裂过程中不同阶段产生的声发射信号,提出了一种改进经验傅里叶分解(Empirical Fourier decomposition,EFD)-小波去噪算法,对采集的声发射信号进行降噪处理后,将提取特征输入学习向量量化(Learning vector quantization,LVQ)算法中进行识别分类。首先,使用改进后的EFD算法将岩心破裂的声发射信号进行分解,设定方差贡献率为筛选条件,用小波阈值去噪法进一步滤除噪声后重构信号;然后,用高斯混合模型得到特征向量概率分布,对破裂过程的不同阶段进行分析;最后,提取声发射信号的参数构造特征向量,根据LVQ算法对岩心破裂声发射信号进行分类识别。试验结果表明,该方法可以依据声发射信号准确识别岩心破裂的不同阶段。

Failure modes and slabbing mechanisms of hard rock with different height-to-width ratios under uniaxial compression

To determine the relationship between slabbing failure and the specimen height-to-width(H/W)ratio and to analyze the conditions,characteristics,and mechanism of slabbing failure in the laboratory,uniaxial compression tests were conducted using six groups of granite specimens.The entire failure process was recorded using strain gauges and high-speed cameras.The initiation and propagation of fractures in specimens were identified by analyzing the monitoring results of stress,strain,and acoustic emission.The experimental results show that changes in the specimen H/W ratio can transform the macro failure mode.When the H/W ratio is reduced to 0.5,the macro failure mode is dominated by slabbing.Low load-bearing ability is observed in specimens with slabbing failure,and the slabbing fractures are approximately parallel to the loading direction.Moreover,the fracture propagation characteristics and acoustic emission signals of slabbing failure specimens show typical tensile failure characteristics,indicating that slabbing failure is essentially a special tensile failure.

Experimental study on acoustic emission characteristics of jointed rock mass by double disc cutter

The characteristics of joints are crucial factors which influence the penetration efficiency of tunnel boring machine(TBM).Based on the theoretical study,numerical simulation and experimental research,many researchers have studied the interaction between TBM disc cutters and jointed rock mass.However,in most of these works,the effect of joint on rock fragmentation by double disc cutter has been scarcely investigated.Thus,the effects of joint orientation and joint space on rock fragmentation by double disc cutter are highlighted in this study.During the test,jointed concrete specimens are adopted to simulate jointed rock mass.Improved RYL-600rock shear rheological instrument was employed during the indentation process under disc cutters,and acoustic emission location system was used to analyze the rock damage and physical deterioration.The results show that there are four failure modes and three modes of crack initiation and propagation in jointed rock mass.It is concluded that the existing joint planes have obviously restrained the crack initiation and propagation during the rock fragmentation process.The results also indicate that samples are damaged most seriously when joint orientation equals60°,which is proved to be the optimum joint orientation in TBM penetration.

Experimental investigation on synergetic prediction of granite rockburst using rock failure time and acoustic emission energy

The frequent occurrence of rockburst and the difficulty in predicting were considered in deep engineering and underground engineering.In this work,laboratory experiments on rockburst under true triaxial conditions were carried out with granite samples.Combined with the deformation characteristics of granite,acoustic emission(AE)technology was well applied in revealing the evolution law of micro-cracks in the process of rockburst.Based on the comprehensive analysis of acoustic emission parameters such as impact,ringing and energy,the phased characteristics of crack propagation and damage evolution in granite were obtained,which were consistent with the stages of rock deformation and failure.Subsequently,based on the critical point theory,the accelerated release characteristics of acoustic emission energy during rockburst were analyzed.Based on the damage theory,the damage evolution model of rock under different loading conditions was proposed,and the prediction interval of rock failure time was ascertained concurrently.Finally,regarding damage as an intermediate variable,the synergetic prediction model of rock failure time was constructed.The feasibility and validity of model were verified.

Study on radon release of intact rocks during direct shear

Radon is a polluting and radioactive gas released by rock fracture. Shear fracture is widely developed in surrounding rock mass of deep engineering. Nevertheless, the correlation between radon release and the shear fracture is undefined. In this study, the intact Jinping marble and Baihetan basalt were adopted as samples. Based on radionuclide content analysis, the intrinsic characteristics of radon emission were analyzed. Then a direct shear testing system was designed to synchronously measure radon release during rock fracture. The direct shear tests were carried out under different normal stresses. The relationship between shear fracture process and cumulative radon concentration was explored. The results indicated that radon release varied with the increase of shear displacement under the same normal stress. The general pattern showed a slight increase and fell in the initial loading phase, then increased rapidly to the peak release approximately corresponding to the peak of shear stress, and finally decreased to a stable level with the development of shear displacement after sample failure. The initial and peak radon concentrations increased linearly with the increase of normal stress. The same trend was found in shear failure surface area and cumulative radon concentration according to the rise angle(RA) value-average frequency(AF) distribution.

Theoretical analysis of characteristics of acoustic emission in rock failure based on statistical damage mechanics

Based on statistical damage mechanics,the constitutive model of a rock underthree-dimensional stress was established by the law that the statistical strength of rockmicro-element obeys Weibull distribution.The acoustic emission (AE) evolution model ofrock failure was put forward according to the view that rock damage and AE were consistent.Moreover,in the failure process of rock under three-dimensional stress,the change inrelationship between stress condition parameter and the characteristic parameters of AE,such as the event number and its change rate,were studied.Also,the rock AE characteristicunder uniaxial compression was analyzed in theory and verified with examples.Theresults indicate that the cumulative event number and change rate of AE in rock failure aredetermined by stress state parameter F.Along with the gradual increase of F,first the cumulativeevent number increases gradually,then rapidly,and then slowly after the stresspeak.The form of change rate of an event by increasing F is consistent with the distributionform of rock micro-element strength.The model explained the phenomenon that a relativelyquiet period of AE appears before rock rupture that is observed by many researchersin experiments.Verification examples indicate that the AE evolution model is consistentwith the test results,so the model is reasonable and correct.

Application of discrete wavelet operations in the detection of acoustic emission of coal and rock rupture

Through the 5-channel SWAES digital full waveform AE detector, the paper dealt with the fracture process of coal and rock samples under uniaxial compression. Using wavelet operations of multi-scale discrete analysis the pulses of a particular time period （points） and the space domain signal by numerical method were gotten, and the paper concluded that the signal singularity in load rupture had closely relations with fracture and uniaxial compression. The detected position and the actual breaking point only differed at one sample point, the relative error was 6.82%, and there was no accumulative error. Thus it provided an effective method to solve the problem of instability analysis of the signal singularity detection and coal-rock compression failure in the whole process.

加卸载响应比方法在结构灾变预测中的应用

加卸载响应比方法为非均匀脆性介质的灾变评估提供了新的思路,即用加载与卸载响应的差别来定量刻画介质的损伤程度。为了验证加卸载响应比方法应用于结构失效分析的有效性,首先运用加卸载响应比方法对意大利那不勒斯大学完成的1个2层楼房的加卸载实验进行分析,结果表明:在临近结构破坏之前加卸载响应比时间序列确实出现了异常明显的升高及回落;进而引入岩石破裂声发射实验进行研究,发现采用轴向应变做响应量计算得到的加卸载响应比时间序列与楼房结构的响应比曲线在演化趋势上非常一致。进一步比较声发射能量率和宏观应做为响应得到的加卸载响应比时间序列,发现两者有着较为同步的稳定、异常、升高至峰值、急剧回落的演化过程。为了明确加卸载响应比与结构内部损伤的联系,基于损伤力学方法从理论上对此进行了分析,很明显加卸载响应比值在一定程度上可以反推结构的损伤程度,其演化可以为大型结构健康评估和工程灾变分析提供有益的参考及借鉴。

Frequency-dependent rupture process,stress change,and seismogenic mechanism of the 25 April 2015 Nepal Gorkha M_w 7.8 earthquake

On 25 April 2015,an M_w 7.8 earthquake occurred on the Main Himalaya Thrust fault with a dip angle of^7° about77 km northwest of Kathmandu,Nepal.This Nepal Gorkha event is the largest one on the Himalayan thrust belt since 1950.Here we use the compressive sensing method in the frequency domain to track the seismic radiation and rupture process of this event using teleseismic P waves recorded by array stations in North America.We also compute the distribution of static shear stress changes on the fault plane from a coseismic slip model.Our results indicate a dominant east-southeastward unilateral rupture process from the epicenter with an average rupture speed of ~3 km s^(-1).Coseismic radiation of this earthquake shows clear frequency-dependent features.The lower frequency(0.05-0.3 Hz) radiation mainly originates from large coseismic slip regions with negative coseismic shear stress changes.In comparison,higher frequency(0.3-0.6 Hz) radiation appears to be from the down-dip part around the margin of large slip areas,which has been loaded and presents positive coseismic shear stress changes.We propose an asperity model to interpret this Nepal earthquake sequence and compare the frequency-dependent coseismic radiation with that in subduction zones.Such frequency-dependent radiation indicates the depth-varying frictional properties on the plate interface of the Nepal section in the main Himalaya thrust system,similar to previous findings in oceanic subduction zones.Our findings provide further evidence of the spatial correlation between changes of static stress status on the fault plane and the observed frequency-dependent coseismic radiation during large earthquakes.Our results show that the frequency-dependent coseismic radiation is not only found for megathrust earthquakes in the oceanic subduction environment,but also holds true for thrust events in the continental collision zone.