喷施硅肥对茶树生长及硅素分布的影响

【目的】研究喷施硅肥对茶树生长和茶叶品质的影响,以及硅在茶树中的累积和分布,为优质安全茶叶生产提供依据。【方法】采用室内盆栽与田间试验相结合的方法,供试硅肥为硅酸钠(Na_(2)SiO_(3)·9H_(2)O)。室内盆栽试验设置7个硅喷施浓度:0、50、150、300、500、750、1500 mg/L,每7天喷施一次,共喷施3次。通过测定茶苗生物量、SPAD值、叶绿素荧光特性、植保素含量及气孔特性,以确定最佳喷施硅肥浓度。然后,以该最佳喷施浓度进行室内茶苗盆栽和田间试验,在室内试验中测定了茶苗不同部位和组织的硅含量,在田间试验中测定了茶园春、夏、秋季茶叶产量及新梢品质成分。【结果】喷施硅300、500 mg/L处理的茶苗地上部和根部生物量高于其他处理,幼苗叶绿素含量、叶片光化学猝灭系数(qP)、非光化学荧光淬灭系数(qNP)、表观电子传递速率(ETR)及植保素含量也高于Si0和其他处理,综合茶苗生长和生理指标结果,选用500 mg/L作为最佳硅喷施浓度。第一次喷施硅肥7天后,硅主要积累在叶部,从顶芽往下数的不同叶位硅含量分布为第3叶>第5叶>第1叶;第三次喷施7天后,第5叶硅含量显著高于第1叶、第3叶,根部积累的硅多于叶和茎。喷施硅显著提高了春、夏、秋3个季节茶树的百芽重和芽头密度;春茶、夏茶、秋茶中游离氨基酸含量分别显著提高了17.49%、94.48%、15.06%,可溶性糖含量分别显著提高了2.72%、91.69%、3.33%;咖啡碱分别显著降低了7.07%、32.91%、16.59%。【结论】喷施硅浓度为500 mg/L的硅肥有益于茶苗生长,采摘前喷施硅肥有利于提高茶叶特别是夏茶的品质和产量。喷施硅肥后,硅主要累积在茶苗根部和成熟叶片中。

几种工矿废渣改善土壤供硅能力的效果

施用硅肥可以改善土壤硅素肥力状况,提高水稻产量,改善稻米品质,增强水稻抗性,利用工矿废渣生产硅肥还能产生良好的生态环境效益。本研究采用室内模拟与盆栽试验的方法,研究了高炉渣、粉煤灰和金刚石矿渣作硅肥施用对水稻土供硅能力的影响。结果表明,在北方酸性水稻土上施用废渣使土壤硅素释累积放量显著增加,明显改善土壤的供硅能力,促进水稻对硅素养分的吸收,上述效果随废渣用量增加而更为明显,且高炉渣的效果要明显好于粉煤灰和金刚石矿渣。另外,五种废渣的不同施用量与植株含硅量增加率之间均满足对数正相关关系,对数项系数a与127d的硅素累积释放量之间存在极显著的线性正相关关系,说明土壤硅素累积释放量可以评价施用过废渣的土壤的供硅能力,能够反映废渣作硅肥的适宜性。

改性端氨基硅油制备洗去型护发素的研究

双端氨丙基硅油与2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵(GTA)在乳液体系中反应并乳化,制得季铵盐改性双端氨丙基硅油乳液,用于护发素组合物,并护理发束后进行感官评价、头发梳理性测试,同时用原子吸收光谱测定经多次洗发与护发后发束上残留的硅油类物质。结果表明,季铵盐改性双端氨丙基硅油用于护发素能获得较好的效果,发束经洗发后硅油类物质在头发上积累量非常少,季铵盐改性双端氨丙基聚硅氧烷乳液是良好的洗去型发用调理剂。

Silicon’s organic pool and biological cycle in moso bamboo community of Wuyishan Biosphere Reserve

Biomineralization of Si by plants into phytolith formation and precipitation of Si into clays during weathering are two important processes of silicon’s biogeochemical cycle. As a silicon-accumulating plant, the widely distributed and woody Phyl-lostachys heterocycla var. pubescens (moso bamboo) contributes to storing silicon by biomineralization and, thus, prevents eu-trophication of nearby waterbodies through silicon’s erosion of soil particles. A study on the organic pool and biological cycle of silicon (Si) of the moso bamboo community was conducted in Wuyishan Biosphere Reserve, China. The results showed that: (1) the standing crop of the moso bamboo community was 13355.4 g/m2, of which 53.61%, 45.82% and 0.56% are represented by the aboveground and belowground parts of moso bamboos, and the under-story plants, respectively; (2) the annual net primary production of the community was 2887.1 g/(m2·a), among which the aboveground part, belowground part, litterfalls, and other fractions, accounted for 55.86%, 35.30%, 4.50% and 4.34%, respec-tively; (3) silicon concentration in stem, branch, leaf, base of stem, root, whip of bamboos, and other plants was 0.15%, 0.79%, 3.10%, 4.40%, 7.32%, 1.52% and 1.01%, respectively; (4) the total Si accumulated in the standing crop of moso bamboo com-munity was 448.91 g/m2, with 99.83% of Si of the total community stored in moso bamboo populations; (5) within moso bamboo community, the annual uptake, retention, and return of Si were 95.75, 68.43, 27.32 g/(m2·a), respectively; (6) the turnover time of Si, which is the time an average atom of Si remains in the soil before it is recycled into the trees or shrubs, was 16.4 years; (7) the enrichment ratio of Si in the moso bamboo community, which is the ratio of the mean concentration of nutrients in the net primary production to the mean concentration of nutrients in the biomass of a community, was 0.64; and lastly, (8) moso bamboo plants stored about 1.26×1010 kg of silicon in the organic pool made up by the moso bamboo forests in the subtropical area of China.