武汉地区2007～2009年硝咪类药应用分析

目的:了解硝咪唑类药的临床使用情况及应用趋势。方法:对长江流域药品监测网提供的武汉地区2007～2009年硝咪唑类药的有关数据进行汇总,分析其药品销售金额、用药频度及排序情况。结果:硝咪唑类药中以奥硝唑注射液销售金额最高,DDDs也较高。结论:需加强硝咪唑类药品评价工作,进一步促进药品合理使用。

硝咪唑类抗菌药常见不合理用药分析

硝咪唑类抗茵药包括甲硝唑、替硝唑、奥硝唑，对厌氧茵、滴虫、阿米巴，具强大的抗微生物活性。可用于各种需氧茵与厌氧菌的混合感染，包括腹腔感染、盆腔感染、肺脓肿等，但通常需与抗需氧茵抗菌药物联合应用：口服可用于艰难梭茵所致的假膜性肠炎、幽门螺杆菌所致的胃窦炎、牙周感染等；可用于肠道及肠外阿米巴病、阴道滴虫病等寄生虫病的治疗。禁用于对硝咪唑类药物过敏的患者。妊娠3个月内应避免应用。哺乳期妇女用药期间应停止哺乳。可能引起粒细胞减少及周围神经炎等，神经系统疾病及血液病患者慎用。用药期间禁止饮酒及含酒精饮料。

奥硝唑胶囊致固定性药疹1例

患者女,28岁,因鼻部、面颊和额部有红斑,伴有较明显的毛细血管扩张,气温高或食辛辣食物皮损会更明显。于2012年12月来我院就诊,诊断为玫瑰痤疮,给予口服奥硝唑胶囊（扬子江药业集团有限公司,批号12042102）,每次2片,bid;另开具除湿清肺、活血凉血、清热解毒的中药煎剂行联合治疗,每天1副,分2次服用;局部外涂克林霉素磷酸酯凝胶和本院自制制剂氯霉素洗剂。患者第1天用药后在左腋下和左腿内侧根部出现椭圆形红斑,钱币大小,无痒感;第2天继续服用红斑的颜色加重,为紫红色,略有肿胀感;第3天服药后红斑中央开始起泡。随即到医院再就诊,患者自述自己及家族均没有药物过敏史。诊断为典型的固定性药疹。

硝黄乙氧药肥颗粒剂防除移栽水稻田杂草效果与应用技术研究

为验证0.15%硝黄乙氧药肥颗粒剂防除移栽水稻田禾本科、阔叶杂草的效果,特进行了相关试验。结果表明,在禾本科稗草、千金子和阔叶杂草混通生的小苗机插稻田,每667 m^2用0.15%硝黄乙氧药肥颗粒剂3~4 kg,在水稻机插移栽后5~7 d直接均匀撒施,用药后保水4~6 d,一次用药能有效控制水稻小苗机插移栽田前期杂草危害,综合防效可达95%左右,且对水稻生长安全。

硝矾洗药在皮肤科中的应用

硝矾洗药是皮肤科多年应用的名方、验方,临床上多有使用,在治疗浅部真菌病、痤疮、急性湿疹、小儿湿疹、肛周湿疹、汗疱疹、手足多汗症等方面疗效显著,现将其在治疗湿疹、汗疱疹、股癣、痤疮方面的体会作简要介绍,结果表明:硝矾洗药配合中药内服及外用药等其他治疗方法,起效更快,疗效也更好。

阴道用甲硝唑对早孕期安全性的研究

目的 :研究经阴道用甲硝唑在早孕绒毛和羊水中的药物浓度。方法 :随机选择自愿终止妊娠的妇女 41名。其中孕 8周内妇女 2 1名 ,孕 12周左右妇女 2 0名。两种孕周妇女再分两组 ,一组为治疗组 ,阴道用甲硝唑 ;另一组为对照组 ,口服甲硝唑。结果 :经阴道用药组绒毛中甲硝唑平均浓度为 0 .0 6 8μg·ml-1;口服用药组绒毛中平均浓度为 0 .82 3μg·ml-1,两者差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。经阴道用药组羊水中甲硝唑平均浓度为 0 .6 38μg·ml-1,口服组羊水中平均浓度 2 .496 μg·ml-1,两者差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ;经阴道用药组血清中甲硝唑含量 (0 .15 1μg·ml-1)显著低于口服用药组 (2 .414μg·ml-1) (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :结果表明 ,早孕期妇女经阴道用甲硝唑要比口服甲硝唑安全。

硝普钠与低脉搏氧饱和度关系的临床研究

目的:探讨硝普钠(SNP)致低脉搏氧饱和度(SPO2)原因,寻找预防方法。方法:194例高血压病合并脑出血患者应用SNP控制血压,根据SPO2分为正常SPO2组、低SPO2组,连续测定动脉血气分析、肾功能状况,观察SPO2下降与泵入SNP时间、剂量、肾功能之间关系;观察停用SNP后SPO2恢复情况。结果:42例患者应用SNP 5.21±0.13dSPO2下降(88.25±2.10)%,血气分析氧饱和度(SaO2)(98.27±1.47)%,血肌酐浓度132.27±4.31μmol/L,SNP平均剂量5.21±0.13μg/(kg.min),动脉收缩压(SBP)平均值151.24±8.91mmHg,正常SPO2组患者SPO2(98.31±1.11)%,血气分析测定SaO2(97.91±0.92)%,血肌酐浓度93.75±2.18μmol/L,SNP平均剂量3.31±0.92μg/kg.min,SBP平均值128.57±7.21mmHg,停SNP 2d所有患者SPO2(97.14±1.15)%。结论:临床应用SNP可致SPO2下降而SaO2正常,与应用时间、剂量、肾功能有关,停用SNP后SPO2迅速恢复。

硝苯吡啶治疗急性腹痛的体会

硝苯吡啶治疗急性腹痛的体会韶关市浈江区人民医院（５１２０２３）许泽桂急性腹痛是常见的临床症状，以往多应用解痉、止痛药，我们自１９９２年以来使用硝苯吡啶治疗急性腹痛６８例，收到满意的疗效，报告如下。１临床资料１．１一般资料：本组多为门诊病例，其中男３８...

Detonation Behavior of Intermolecular Explosives EAR

In order to find out the detonation mechanism of intermolecular explosives (IMX), the EAR15 explosive is studied by the experiments and numerical modeling. The results show that EAR15 is a nonideal explosive, since in the detonation reaction zone both reacted and unreacted ammonium nitrate (AN) absorb the energy through the interface, resulting in the characteristic of nonideal detonation. In our tests, only 19%-49% active AN takes part in reaction, the rest behaves as the inert at the detonation wave front.

Synthesis of N,N′-Bis(2-Nitro Benzodifuroxanyl)-1,3,5-Trinitro-2,6- Diaminobenzene

N, N’-bis (2-nitro benzodifuroxanyl)-1, 3, 5-trinitro-2, 6-diaminobenzene has been synthesized from 1, 3-dianimobenzene and trinitrotrichloro benzene. The molecular structure of this compound has been determined by elemental analysis. IR. ′HNMR, and M. S. spectroscopies.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Chlordiazepoxide Using Its Charge-transfer Complex with 2,4-Dinitrophenol

A new simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of chlordiazepoxide is described, based on the reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenol in water medium, apparently by a charge-transfer mechanism, to yield 1:1 complex with maximum absorption at 444 nm. Optimum experimental conditions for the determination have been studied. The linear calibration range, apparent molar absorptivity and relative standard deviation are 2.8~96.0 mgmL-1, 1.48103 and 0.32%, respectively. The method is accurate and has been successfully applied to the determination of chlordiazpoxide in tablets. The results are in good agreement with those obtained with the official method.

Preparation and characterization of 9-nitrocamptothecin self-emulsifying microemulsion injection

Aim To prepare a self-emulsifying microemulsion of 9-nitrocamptothecin （9-NC ME） for intravenous injection and investi- gation of its pharmacokinetic profiles in normal SD rats. Methods 9-NC ME was optimized in terms of droplet size and lack of drug precipitation following aqueous dilution using a pseudo-ternary phase diagram. Physicochemical properties of 9-NC ME were evaluated. 9-NC ME was intravenously administered via tail vein in healthy rats. Results A stable microemulsion was formulated consisted of soybean oil as oil phase, EPC/Tween-80 as emulsifier, and anhydrous ethanol as co-emulsifier. The droplets of the microemulsion were spherical shape with mean diameter of 38.3 ± 4.0 nm after 1：20 dilution with 5% glucose injection. The pharmacokinetic parameters of 9-NC ME after intravenous administration in rats were t1/2 of 0.97 ± 0.14 h, A UC0-8 of 372.77 ±49.62 ng·h·mL^-1 and MRT of 1.40 ± 0.21 h which were 1.4-fold, 1.65-fold, and 1.4-fold more than those of 9-NC solution （P〈0.01）. Conclusion The results suggested that 9-NC ME was a promising drug delivery system and it was expected to provide a novel 9-NC injection for cancer patients.

Nitroester drug's effects and their antagonistic effects against morphine on human sphincter of Oddi motility

AIM: To evaluate the effects of nitroester drugs on human sphincter of Oddi (SO) motility and their antagonistic effects against morphine which shows excitatory effect on Oddi's sphincter motility.METHODS: The effects of these drugs on SO were evaluated by means of choledochofiberoscopy manometry.A total of 67 patients having T-tubes after cholecystectomy and choledochotomy were involved in the study, they were randomly divided into glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) group,isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) group, pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PTN) group, morphine associated with GTN group, morphine associated with ISDN group and morphine associated with PTN group. Basal pressure of Oddi's sphincter (BPOS), amplitude of phasic contractions (SOCA), frequency of phasic contractions (SOF), duration of phasic contractions (SOD), duodenal pressure (DP) and common bile duct pressure (CBDP) were scored and analyzed. Morphine was given intramuscularly while nitroester drugs were applied sublingually.RESULTS: BPOS and SOCA decreased significantly after administration of ISDN and GTN, BPOS reduced from 10.95±7.49 mmHg to 5.92±4.04 mmHg (P＜0.05) evidently after application of PTN. BPOS increased from 7.37±5.58mmHg to 16.60±13.87 mmHg, SOCA increased from 54.09±38.37 mmHg to 100.70±43.51 mmHg, SOF increased from 7.15±3.20 mmHg to 10.38±2.93 mmHg and CBDP increased 3.75±1.95 mmHg to 10.49±8.21 mmHg (P＜0.01)evidently after injection of morphine. After associated application of ISDN and GTN, the four indications above decreased obviously. As for application associated with PTN,SOCA and SOF decreased separately from 100.64±44.99mmHg to 66.17±35.88 mmHg and from 10.70±2.76 mmHg to 9.04±1.71 mmHg (P＜0.05) markedly.CONCLUSION: The regular dose of GTN, ISDN and PTN showed inhibitory effect on SO motility, morphine showed excitatory effect on SO while GTN, ISDN and PTN could antagonize the effect of morphine. Among the three nitroester drugs, the effect of ISDN on SO was most significant.

Preventive and therapeutic effects of NF-kappaB inhibitor curcumin in rats colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic: acid

AIM: To ascertain the molecule mechanism of nuclear factor-KB (NF-κB) inhibitor curcumin preventive and therapeutic effects in rats' colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). METHODS: Sixty rats with TNBS-induced colitis were treated with 2.0% curcumin in the diet. Thirty positive control rats were treated with 0.5% sulfasalazine (SASP). Thirty negative control rats and thirty model rats were treated with general diet. Changes of body weight together with histological scores were evaluated. Survival rates were also evaluated. Cell nuclear NF-κB activity in colonic mucosa was evaluated by using electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Cytoplasmic IκB protein in colonic mucosa was detected by using Western Blot analysis. Cytokine messenger expression in colonic tissue was assessed by using semiquantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Treatment with curcumin could prevent and treat both wasting and histopathologic signs of rats with TNBS-induced intestinal inflammation. In accordance with these findings, NF-κB activation in colonic mucosa was suppressed in the curcumin-treated groups. Degradations of cytoplasmic IκB protein in colonic mucosa were blocked by curcumin treatment. Proinflammatory cytokine messenger RNA expression in colonic mucosa was also suppressed. CONCLUSION: This study shows that NF-κB inhibitor curcumin could prevent and improve experimental colitis in murine model with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The findings suggest that NF-κB inhibitor curcumin could be a potential target for the patients with IBD.

Screening for metronidazole-resistance associated gene fragments of H pylori by suppression subtractive hybridization

AIM： To screen for metronidazole （MTZ）-resistance associated gene fragments of H pylori by suppression subtractive hybridization （SSH）. METHODS： Five MTZ-resistant （tester, T） and 1 MTZ- susceptible （driver, D） clinical H pylori isolates were selected. Genomic DNAs were prepared and submitted to Rsa I digestion. Then two different adaptors were ligated respectively to the 5＇-end of two aliquots of the tester DNA fragments and SSH was made between the tester and driver DNAs. The specific inserts of tester strains were screened and MTZ-resistance related gene fragments were identified by dot blotting. RESULTS： Among the randomly selected 120 subtractive colonies, 37 DNA fragments had a different number of DNA copies （≥ 2 times） in resistant and susceptible strains and 17 of them had a significantly different number of DNA copies （≥ 3 times）. Among the sequences obtained from the 17 DNA fragments, new sequences were found in 10 DNA fragments and duplicated sequences in 7 DNA fragments, representing respectively the sequences of depeptide ABC transporter periplasmic dipeptide-binding protein （dppA）, permease protein （dppB）, ribosomal protein S4 （rps4）, ribonuclease Ⅲ （rnc）, protease （pqqE）, diaminopimelate epimerase （dapF）, acetatekinase （ackA）, H pylori plasmid pHP51 and Hpylori gene 1334. CONCLUSION： Gene fragments specific to MTZ-resistant H pylori strains can be screened by SSH and may be associated with MTZ-resistant Hpylori.

An herbal formula,CGX,exerts hepatotherapeutic effects on dimethylnitrosamine-induced chronic liver injury model in rats

AIM： To evaluate the therapeutic effect of Chunggan extract （CGX）, a modified traditional Chinese hepatotherapeutic herbal, on the dimethylnitrosamine （DMN）-induced chronic liver injury model in rats. METHODS： Liver injuries were induced in Wistar rats by injection of DMN （ip, 10 mg/mL per kg） for 3 consecutive days per week for 4 wk. The rats were administered with CGX Coo, 100 or 200 mg/kg per day） or distilled water as a control daily for 4 wk starting from the 15^th d of the DMN treatment. Biochemical parameters （serum albumin, bilirubin, ALP, AST and ALT）, lipid peroxides, hydroxyproline, as well as histological changes in liver tissues were analyzed. In addition, gene expression of TNF-α, TGF-β, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, PDGF-β, and MMP-2, all of which are known to be associated with liver fibrosis, were analyzed using real-time PCR. RESULTS： CGX administration restored the spleen weight to normal alter having been increased by DMN treatment. Biochemical analysis of the serum demonstrated that CGX significantly decreased the serum level of ALP （P 〈 0.05）, ALT （P 〈 0.02）, and AST （P 〈 0.02） that had been elevated by DMN treatment. CGX administration moderately lowered lipid peroxide production and markedly lowered hydroxyproline generation caused by DMN treatment in accordance with histopathological examination. DMN treatment induced a highly upregulated expression of TNF-α, TGF-β,TIMP-1, TIMP-2, PDGF-β, and MMP-2. Of these, the gene expression encoding PDGF-β and MMP-2 was still further enhanced 2 wk after secession of the 4-wk DMN treatment, and was remarkably ameliorated by CGX administration. CONCLUSION： CGX exhibits hepatotherapeutic properties against chronic hepatocellular destruction and consequential liver fibrosis.

32例双硫仑样反应急诊救治体会

目的总结诱发双硫仑样反应的原因及救治方法进行分析以引起临床重视。方法对我科2011年1月至2011年12月期间诊断为双硫仑样反应的32例患者进行回顾性分析。结果结果24例在治疗后2h内症状缓解,6例在治疗后8h内症状缓解,另有2例年龄较大,症状缓解较慢者,住院观察3d,无明显特殊不适出院。结论双硫仑样反应发病率较高,症状较重,应引起医护人员及患者高度重视。