玉米秸秆生物碳/硅复合纳米材料的制备及锂电池负极的性能研究

选用农业废弃物玉米秸秆,通过高压釜水热法、退火热处理和机械球磨法等技术将其制备成生物碳/硅复合纳米材料,对制得材料进行结构和形貌表征,并探究其作为锂离子电池负极材料的电化学性能。结果表明:生物碳纳米材料显示出层状结构,经高温退火后硅颗粒紧密、均匀地结合于生物碳表面及其结构边缘;这种碳源的生物碳材料中天然存在的氮原子产生的晶体缺陷可增强碳材料的导电性和反应活性,从而提高生物碳/硅复合纳米材料的电化学性能。由于更高的比表面积以及循环过程中形成的固态电解质界面(solid electrolyte interface,SEI)膜消耗的可逆容量更少,因而CSi1(碳硅质量比为3:1)相对于CSi2(碳硅质量比为5:1)循环容量表现更佳,展现出更好的循环稳定性和良好的倍率性能。

洋葱状介孔碳/硅复合材料的合成及其性能研究

使用非离子表面活性剂P123作为模板剂,低相对分子质量酚醛树脂为碳源,正硅酸四乙酯为硅源,绿色无毒的表面活性剂Span80为扩孔剂,通过调整酚醛树脂及扩孔剂的用量,利用水热法制备出一系列功能性洋葱状介孔碳/硅复合材料。利用透射电子显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和氮气吸附-脱附等分析方法对洋葱状介孔碳/硅复合材料的颗粒形貌、粒径、比表面积、孔径分布进行表征,并研究了复合材料的吸附性能。结果表明,当扩孔剂Span80用量为0.4g,低相对分子质量酚醛树脂用量为1g、2g、3g时,合成的复合材料呈球形颗粒状,具有明显的层状结构,洋葱状形貌最佳,孔径在3~5nm之间,分布均一。洋葱状介孔碳/硅复合材料的氮气吸附-脱附等温线属于Ⅳ型等温线,滞后环为H2型滞后环,孔结构呈墨水瓶状。在最佳吸附条件下,洋葱状介孔碳/硅复合材料对罗丹明B和甲基橙染料的去除率均高达99%以上。

一步法制备体心立方结构的介孔碳/氧化硅纳米复合材料

以酚醛树脂预聚体(Resol)为碳源前驱体,嵌段共聚物聚氧乙烯-聚氧丙烯-聚氧乙烯(PEO–PPO–PEO,F127)和聚二甲基硅氧烷-聚氧乙烯(PDMS–PEO)为混合模板剂,采用溶剂挥发诱导自组装(EISA)方法制备了有序介孔碳-氧化硅纳米复合材料,并进一步采用小角X射线散射(SAXS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和氮气吸脱附分析对所制备样品的结构和组成进行表征.结果表明,所制备的介孔碳/氧化硅纳米复合材料具有体心立方Im3m结构,其BET比表面积、总孔容和孔径分别为1 410 m2g,1.12 cm3g和5.4 nm.

沥青基软碳材料对硅负极锂离子电池性能的影响

以沥青为软碳原料(质量分数为10%、20%、30%、50%),通过高温热解法成功合成了不同软碳含量的碳/硅(C/Si)复合材料。实验结果表明,软碳材料的引入能有效抑制Si基材料的体积效应和提高其电子电导率,从而在极大的改善负极材料循环性能的同时,还提高了其比容量。其次,通过系统研究不同C含量的C/Si复合材料性能,发现最佳的沥青加入量为20%。该条件所合成样品具有高达2356.7mA·h·g-1的首次充电比容量和86.6%的库伦效率。经过50次循环后依然有726.4mA·h·g-1的充电比容量,远高于工业化石墨负极材料,应用前景广阔。本研究还详细研究和讨论了软碳材料的形成机制以及不同软碳含量对材料形貌的影响。

锂离子电池负极材料的研究进展

本文阐述了锂离子负极材料的基本特性,综述了碳类材料、硅类材料以及这两种材料形成的复合材料作为锂离子电池负极材料的研究及开发应用现状。

锂离子电池负极材料Si@C/SiO_x的制备及其电化学性能

硅理论比容量高,放电平台低,是商业化锂离子电池石墨负极的替代材料之一,但是其充放电循环中体积变化大,容量衰减迅速,制约了其商业化使用。本研究通过一步法制备了具有核壳结构的硅@碳/硅氧化物(Si@C/SiO_x),将其作为锂离子电池负极材料。采用SEM、TEM、XRD、XPS等手段对所制备材料的微观形貌、结构以及组分进行了分析,并对其进行了相关的电化学测试。结果表明,Si@C/SiO_x核壳材料比Si@C核壳材料具备更优良的电化学性能。在200 mA/g电流密度下,循环45次后,Si@C的容量保持率为60.2%;而当C/SiO_x作为Si核外壳时,200 mA/g电流密度下,循环45次后,Si@C/SiO_x比容量值为787.2 mAh/g,容量保持率提高到87.3%。这主要是由于C与SiO_x复合后,外壳的机械强度大于碳壳,能够较好地缓冲Si体积膨胀产生的巨大应力,从而保证结构的完整性,提高了硅基负极材料的商业化应用的可能性。

Preparation and properties of porous silicon carbide ceramics through coat-mix and composite additives process

The core-shell structure silicon-resin precursor powders were synthesized through coat-mix process and addition of Al2O3-SiO2-Y2O3 composite additives.A series of porous silicon carbide ceramics were produced after molding,carbonization and sintering.The phase,morphology,porosity,thermal conductivity,thermal expansion coefficient,and thermal shock resistance were analyzed.The results show that porous silicon carbide ceramics can be produced at low temperature.The grain size of porous silicon carbide ceramic is small,and the thermal conductivity is enhanced significantly.Composite additives also improve the thermal shock resistance of porous ceramics.The bending strength loss rate after 30 times of thermal shock test of the porous ceramics which were added Al2O3-SiO2-Y2O3 and sintered at 1 650 ℃ is only 6.5%.Moreover,the pore inside of the sample is smooth,and the pore size distribution is uniform.Composite additives make little effect on the thermal expansion coefficient of the porous silicon carbide ceramics.

Fabrication,characterization and electrochemical properties of porous coral-structured Si/C composite anode for lithium ion battery

A porous coral-structured Si/C composite as an anode material was fabricated by coating Si nanoparticles with a carbon layer from polyvinyl alcohol（PVA）, erosion of hydrofluoric（HF） acid, and secondary coating with pitch. Three samples with different pitch contents of 30%, 40% and 50% were synthesized. The composition and morphology of the composites were characterized by X-ray diffractometry（XRD） and scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, respectively, and the properties were tested by electrochemical measurements. The results indicated that the composites showed obviously enhanced electrochemical performance compared with that without secondary carbon coating. The second discharge capacity of the composite was 773 m A·h/g at a current density of 100 m A/g, and still retained 669 m A·h/g after 60 cycles with a small capacity fade of less than 0.23%/cycle, while the content of secondary carbon source of pitch was set at 40%. Therefore, the cycle stability of the composite could be excellently improved by regulating carbon content of secondary coating.

Study on mechanical properties of composite materials by in-situ tensile test

The mechanical properties of the SiC fiber-reinforced Mg-Al metal matrix composite materials have been studied on internal microstructure by (scanning electron microscopy) SEM in-situ tensile test. The emergence and propagation of the crack, and the fracture behavior in materials have been observed and studied. It is found that in the case of the tensile test, the crack emerged in SiC fiber initially. In the case of the strong cohesion of the fiber-metal interface, the crack propagated in the fiber, meanwhile the fibers in the neighborhood of the cracked fiber began to crack and the Mg-Al metal deformed plastically, and at last the material fractured. Otherwise the toughness of the materials grows in the case of the lower cohesion of the fiber-metal matrix interface.

Effect of SiC content on dry sliding wear, corrosion and corrosive wear of Al/SiC nanocomposites

The corrosion, corrosive wear and dry sliding wear of nanocomposites, are extremely complicated and involve various chemical, physical anbd mechanical factors. The aim of this work is to investigate the effects of nanosized SiC content on the hardness, dry sliding wear, corrosion and corrosive wear of Al/SiC nanocomposites synthesized by mechanical milling cold pressing and hot extrusion. The corrosion resistance of these composites in 3%NaCl solution was investigated by electrochemical polarization testing and their dry sliding as well as corrosive wear resistance in the same solution was evaluated using a pin-on-disc tester. The microstructures of the samples and their worn surfaces were examined using scanning electron microscopy. It was shown that the dry sliding wear and corrosion resistance of these nanocomposites were improved with the increase of SiC content. It was concluded that due to the lubrication effect of the solution, both the friction coefficient and frictional heat that might soften the material were reduced. In addition, the improved strength of the nanocomposites combined with their better corrosion resistance contributed to their increased corrosive wear resistance, compared with the base alloy. The prominent wear mechanism in the unreinforced alloy was adhesive wear, in the Al/SiC nanocomposites, the wear mechanism changed to abrasive.

Microstructure and properties of alumina-silicon carbide nanocomposites fabricated by pressureless sintering and post hot-isostatic pressing

A1203/5%SIC nanocomposites were fabricated by pressureless sintering using MgO as a sintering aid and then post hot-isostatic pressed （HIP）, which can subsequently break through the disadvantage of hot-pressing process. The MgO additive was able to promote the densification of the composites, but could not induce the grain growth of A1203 matrix due to the grain growth inhibition by nano-sized SiC particles. After HIP treatment, A12OJSiC nanocomposites achieved full densification and homogeneous distribution of nano-sized SiC particles. Moreover, the fracture morphology of HIP treated specimens was identical with that of the hot-pressed A1203/SiC nanocomposites showing complete transgranular fracture. Consequently, high fracture strength of 1 GPa was achieved for the A1203/5%SIC nanocomposites by pressureless sintering and post HIP process.

Wet friction performance of C/C-SiC composites prepared by new processing route

C/C-SiC composites with SiC island distribution Were prepared via a new processing route. The fabrication process mainly included silicon infiltration by ultrasonic vibration, chemical vapor deposition （CVD）, siliconizing, liquid phase impregnation and carbonization. The wear and friction properties were tested by an MM-1000 wet friction machine. The results show that SiC phases are mainly distributed between carbon fibers and pyrocarbons as well as among the pryoearbons. The dynamic friction coefficient of the composites decreases gradually from 0.126 to 0.088 with the increase of the surface pressure from 0.5 to 2.5 MPa at the same rotary speed. Furthermore, under the constant surface pressure, the dynamic friction coefficient increases from 0.114 to 0.126 with the increase of the rotary speed from 1 500 to 2 500 r/min. However, the coefficient decreases to 0.104 when the rotary speed exceeds 4 500 r/min. During the friction process, the friction coefficient of C/C-SiC composite is between 0.088 and 0.126, and the wear value is zero after 300 times brake testing.

Effects of SiC amount on phase compositions and properties of Ti_3SiC_2-based composites

The phase compositions and properties of Ti3SiC2-based composites with SiC addition of 5%-30% in mass fraction fabricated by in-situ reaction and hot pressing sintering were studied. SiC addition effectively prevented TiC synthesis but facilitated SiC synthesis. The Ti3SiC2/Ti C-SiC composite had better oxidation resistance when SiC added quantity reached 20% but poorer oxidation resistance with SiC addition under 15% than Ti3SiC2/TiC composite at higher temperatures. There were more than half of the original SiC and a few Ti3SiC2 remaining in Ti3SiC2/Ti C-SiC with 20% SiC addition, but all constituents in Ti3Si2/TiC composite were oxidized after 12 h in air at 1500 °C. The oxidation scale thickness of TS30, 1505.78 μm, was near a half of that of T,2715 μm, at 1500 °C for 20 h. Ti3SiC2/Ti C composite had a flexural strength of 474 MPa, which was surpassed by Ti3SiC2/TiC-SiC composites when SiC added amount reached 15%. The strength reached the peak of 518 MPa at 20% SiC added amount.

Characterization and adsorption behaviors of a novel synthesized mesoporous silica coated carbon composite

A novel mesoporous silica coated carbon composite(denoted SEG) with hierarchical pore structure has been successfully prepared in an aqueous solution that contains triblock copolymer template, aluminum chloride, siliceous source and expanded graphite. Textural property and morphology of the SEG composite were characterized by the combination of X-ray diffraction, N_2 adsorption–desorption, scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared measurements. Results show that mesoporous silica is steadily and uniformly grown on the surface of the graphite slices and the thickness of the silica layer can be finely tuned according to the silica/C molar ratio in the initial reaction solution. This newly synthesized SEG composite shows greatly increased adsorption capacity to methylene blue than the pristine expanded graphite in the batch tests. Both Langmuir and Frendlich models were further used to evaluate the adsorption isotherms of methylene blue over expanded graphite and SEG samples with different silica contents. Finally, pseudosecond-order model was used to describe the kinetics of methylene blue over expanded graphite and the silica-carbon composites.

Corrosion behavior of SiC foam ceramic reinforced Al-23Si composites in NaCl solution

SiC foam ceramic reinforced aluminum matrix composites(SFCAMCs)were prepared by squeeze casting aluminum alloy(Al-23Si)into the SiC foam ceramic with different pore sizes,and the corrosion behavior of the SFCAMCs was studied in NaCl solutions.Static immersion corrosion tests were conducted at 20°C,50°C and 80°C,respectively.Corrosion morphology and products were analyzed by scanning electron microscope,energy dispersive system and X-ray diffraction.It was found that the corrosion rate of SFCAMCs increases as the temperature rising,and the bigger pore size of SiC foam ceramic reinforcement,the better corrosion resistance of SFCAMCs.

Effect of laser surface melting on surface integrity of Al-4.5Cu composites reinforced with SiC and MoS2

Two types of composites were prepared with Al-4.5Cu alloy as a matrix using stir casting method.One was reinforced with 10wt.%of Si C and 2wt.%of MoS2.The other was reinforced with 10wt.%of Si C and 4wt.%of MoS2.Their surfaces were remelted using a CO2 laser beam with an objective to study the influence of laser surface melting(LSM).The topography,microhardness,corrosion resistance and wear resistance of the laser melted surfaces were studied.Overall surface integrity after LSM was compared with as-cast surface.LSM enhanced the microhardness and wear resistance of the surface in each case.Porosity of the laser melted surface was low and corrosion resistance was high.Thus,LSM can be conveniently applied to enhancing the surface integrity of the aluminium composites.However,there is an optimum laser specific energy,around 38 J/m^2 in this study,for obtaining the best surface integrity.

Ductility and hardness of chloride cleaned AA6011/SiC_p composites

Theductility and hardness of AA6011/SiCp composites using NaCl, SnCl2, NH4Cl and PdCl2 as wetting reagents were investigated. SiCp was cleaned with the wetting reagents, and used as reinforcement in AA6011 alloy using the stir casting method. Ductility and hardness responses of the composites were measured using standard methods. Microstructural features were examined using scanning electron microscopy and the phases were determined with the help of an X-ray diffractometer. The results show that for all wetting agents, the increase in cleaning time leads to initial increase in ductility to a certain value, but a decrease afterwards with further increase in cleaning time. The best combination of hardness （BHN 57.88） and ductility （11.91%） was shown under conditions of 40 g/L SnCl2and cleaning time of 60 min. A minor formation of Al4C3was noted in diffraction patterns, indicating that the formation of deleterious precipitate was hindered by the cleaning process.

Comparison of microstructure and wear resistance of A356-SiC_p composites processed via compocasting and vibrating cooling slope

The influences of SiC content on the microstructure, porosity, hardness and wear resistance of A356？SiCp composites processed via two different methods of compocasting and vibrating cooling slope （VCS） were compared with each other. In the as-cast condition, the matrix of VCS and compocast processed composites exhibited globular and dendritric structures, respectively. While a more uniform distribution of SiC particulates in the matrix alloy as well as higher hardness values were obtained for the VCS processed samples, the composites produced via compocasting exhibited less porosity. The increased SiC content （up to 20% in volume fraction） resulted in a more uniform distribution of SiC particles within the matrix alloy and improved wear resistance for both the composite series. However, for the VCS processed composites, the increased SiC content, resulted in the decreased size and shape factor of globules as well as better tribological properties when compared with compocast composites. It was concluded that the improved properties of the VCS processed composites when compared with their compocast counterparts was a consequence of a more uniform distribution of SiC particulates in the matrix alloy as well as the globular microstructure generated during the VCS process.

Corrosion behaviour of 6061 Al-15vol. Pct. SiC composite and its base alloy in sulphuric acid medium

In this paper the corrosion characteristics of Silicon carbide particulate-reinforced 6061 aluminum composite （ 6061 AI/SiCp composite ） and the base alloy are experimentally assessed. The corrosion tests are carried out at different temperatures in the concentration range of 0.01N to 1N sulphuric acid as corrosion media using Tafel extrapolation technique and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy （EIS）. The results obtained from Tafel extrapolation technique and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy are in good agreement. The results show an increase in the corrosion rate with increase in temperature as well as with increase in the concentration of the corrosion media. The thermodynamic parameters like energy of activation are calculated using Arrhenius theory equation and, enthalpy of activation and entropy of activation are calculated using transition state theory equation.

Microstructure and properties of electronic packaging shell with high silicon carbide aluminum-base composites by semi-solid thixoforming

The electronic packaging shell with high silicon carbide aluminum-base composites was prepared by semi-solid thixoforming technique. The flow characteristic of the Si C particulate was analyzed. The microstructures of different parts of the shell were observed by scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy, and the thermophysical and mechanical properties of the shell were tested. The results show that there exists the segregation phenomenon between the Si C particulate and the liquid phase during thixoforming, the liquid phase flows from the shell, and the Si C particles accumulate at the bottom of the shell. The volume fraction of Si C decreases gradually from the bottom to the walls. Accordingly, the thermal conductivities of bottom center and walls are 178 and 164 W·m-1·K-1, the coefficients of thermal expansion(CTE) are 8.2×10-6 and 12.6×10-6 K-1, respectively. The flexural strength decreases slightly from 437 to 347 MPa. The microstructures and properties of the shell show gradient distribution.