齿轮渗碳层碳含量分布的电子探针定量分析方法探讨

表面碳含量、渗碳层深度、碳含量分布等因素对渗碳齿轮的性能影响重大。实验以两种不同渗碳工艺条件下的齿轮试样为研究对象,通过调整电子探针X射线显微分析仪工作条件,确定试样表面碳含量、渗碳层深度及碳含量分布状态的定量分析方法最佳条件为:加速电压10kV,电子束流200nA,束斑20μm。同时,将两齿轮心部碳含量测试结果与火花源原子发射光谱仪测试结果进行了比对;将碳含量分布与硬度梯度进行了对照。结果表明:电子探针分析仪测试得到的心部碳含量值与火花源原子发射光谱仪测试值相近;电子探针测试的两试样碳元素分布趋势与在硬度计上检测的硬度梯度分布趋势相似。因此,利用电子探针X射线显微分析仪,不仅能准确测定渗碳层碳元素的含量,而且能直观地反映出各渗碳工艺条件下样件整个渗碳层碳元素含量的分布状况。

云南褐煤掺混城市污泥共水热产物理化特性研究

研究了云南褐煤和城市污泥共水热改性后的产物,分析了城市污泥掺混量对固体产物、液体产物、气体产物的理化特性的影响,探讨了在共水热改性过程中,污泥掺混量对云南褐煤的作用机制。结果表明,云南褐煤和城市污泥在共水热改性过程中有协同碳化作用;随着污泥掺混量的增加,两者混合物发生明显的脱水、脱羧及芳香化反应;当污泥掺混量为10%和30%时,芳香C的比例显著增加,芳香化反应程度更加剧烈,尤其当污泥掺混量为10%时,固体产物芳香C比例及芳香化程度最高。气相色谱分析(GC-MS)结果表明,随着污泥掺混量的增加,液体产物中杂环类有机物含量呈增加的趋势,酚类有机物呈减少的趋势。固液气三相产物碳含量分布结果表明,至少80%碳封存于固体产物中,可以实现最大程度的碳封存。

Products of carbothermic reduction of Fe-Cr-O and Fe-Cr-Ni-O systems

The reduction behaviors and characteristics of products of the Fe-Cr-O system （FeCr2O4 and Fe2O3＋Cr2O3） and Fe-Cr-Ni-O system （Fe2O3＋Cr2O3＋NiO） under various conditions were studied. The results show that more Fe-Cr or Fe-Cr-Ni solution and less residual carbon content were obtained at higher temperatures and lower initial molar ratio of C to O （nC：nO）. The degree of reduction was highly dependent on both time and temperature, and the residual carbon content greatly increased with increasing nC：nO at each temperature. The products generated during the carbothermic reduction of the Fe-Cr-O system were examined using X-ray diffraction （XRD）. A scanning electron microscope （SEM） coupled with energy dispersive spectrometer was used to observe the microstructure and the distribution of elements in the various phases of the final reduction products of the Fe-Cr-O and Fe-Cr-Ni-O.

Effects of Land Cover on Soil Organic Carbon Stock in a Karst Landscape with Discontinuous Soil Distribution

Land cover type is critical for soil organic carbon （SOC） stocks in territorial ecosystems. However, impacts of land cover on SOC stocks in a karst landscape are not fully understood due to discontinuous soil distribution. In this study, considering soil distribution, SOC content and density were investigated along positive successional stages （cropland, plantation, grassland, scrubland, secondary forest, and primary forest） to determine the effects of land cover type on SOC stocks in a subtropical karst area. The proportion of continuous soil on the ground surface under different land cover types ranged between 0.0% and 79.8%. As land cover types changed across the positive successional stages, SOC content in both the 0-20 cm and 20-50 cm soil layers increased significantly. SOC density （SOCD） within O-lOO cm soil depth ranged from 1.45 to 8.72 kg m^-2, and increased from secondary forest to primary forest, plantation, grassland, scrubland, and cropland, due to discontinuous soil distribution. Discontinuous soil distribution had a negative effect on 8OC stocks, highlighting the necessity for accurate determination of soil distribution in karst areas. Generally, ecological restoration had positive impacts on SOC accumulation in karst areas, but this is a slow process. In the short term, the conversion of croplandto grassland was found to be the most efficient way for SOC sequestration.

Labile Organic Matter Content and Distribution as Affected by Six-year Soil Amendments to Eroded Chinese Mollisols

Labile organic carbon （LOC） is a fraction of soil organic carbon （SOC） with rapid turnover time and is affected by soil fertilization. This investigation characterized the SOC content, LOC content and LOC distribution in the treatment plots of surface soil erosion at five levels （0-, 5-, 10-, 20- and 30-cm erosion）. The soil had received contrasting fertilizer treatments （i.e., chemical fertilizer or chemical fertilizer ＋ manure） for 6 years. This study demonstrated that both SOC and various LOC fractions contents were higher in the plots with fertilizer ＋ manure than in those with fertilizer alone under the same erosion conditions. The SOC and LOC contents de- creased as the erosion depth increased. Light fraction organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, easily oxidizable organic carbon （KMnO4-oxydizable organic carbon）, and microbial biomass carbon were 27% 57%, 37%-7%, 20%-25%, and 29%-33% higher respectively in the fertilizer ＋ manure plots, than in the fertilizer alone plots. Positive correlations （p 〈 0.05） between SOC content and different fractions contents were observed in all plots except the correlation between total SOC content and water-soluble organic carbon content in the different fertilization treatments. Obviously, fertilizer ＋ manure treatments would be conducive to the accumulation of LOC and SOC in the Black soil of Northeast China.

The Vertical Distribution Law of Underground Biomass of Reed

[Objective]The aim of this study was to reveal the relationship between the reed and salinity in severely salinized area,so as to making clear the vertical distribution of underground biomass of reed.[Method]Field investigation and sampling method were used to get the mass accurate data of underground biomass of reed.further its vertical distribution was analyzed using combined statistical and ecological method.Moreover,the C/N ratio was obtained by measuring the contents of organic carbon and nitrogen in reed wetland soil.The correlation model among organic carbon,nitrogen of reed wetlands and C/N were finally analyzed.[Result]Total underground biomass of reed population is concentrated at 10 to 40 cm underground soil layer.Thick root plays crucial role in the composition of reed total biomass,Overall change of organic carbon and total nitrogen shows a declining trend.The content of organic carbon and nitrogen in soils becpmes stable below 50 cm from the surface.The content of organic carbon in soil is positively correlated with total nitrogen in soil at significant level.[Conclusion]These results provided theoretical basis for revealing underground biomass of reed in salinized area of arid region.

Vertical Distribution of Soil Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus in Typical Chinese Terrestrial Ecosystems

Characterization of the vertical distribution of soil organic carbon(C), nitrogen(N), and phosphorus(P) may improve our ability to accurately estimate soil C, N, and P storage. Based on a database of 21 354 records in 74 long-term monitoring plots from 2004 to 2013 in the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network(CERN), we built fitting functions to quantify the vertical distribution of soil C, N, and P(up to 100 cm depth) in the typical Chinese terrestrial ecosystems. The decrease of soil C, N, and P content with depth can be well fitted with various mathematical functions. The fitting functions differed greatly between artificial(agriculture) and natural(desert, forest, and grassland) ecosystems, and also differed with respect to soil C, N, and P content. In both the artificial and natural ecosystems, the best fitting functions were exponential functions for C, quadratic functions for N, and quadratic functions for P. Furthermore, the stoichiometric ratios of soil C, N, and P were ranked in descending order: grassland > forest > agriculture > desert, and were also associated with climate. This study is the first to build the fitting functions for the profile distribution of soil C, N, and P in China at a national scale. Our findings provide a scientific basis to accurately assess the storage of C, N, and P in soils at a large scale, especially for the integrative analysis of historical data.