欧盟碳边境调节机制以及对我国核电发展的影响分析

欧洲碳边境调节机制(CBAM)目前处于立法阶段,该机制是欧盟应对气候变化行动的一个重要产物,旨在规范碳排放限制较少的国家或地区产品输入欧洲的过程中产生“碳泄漏”,其本质上是为了保护欧盟内部企业的竞争力。该政策的实施将形成新的贸易壁垒,外贸产品的成本结构将发生新的变化,通过价值链传导将促使相关制造企业的用能转型,进而给作为清洁能源的核能带来新的机遇。在此背景下,笔者研究了欧盟原版文件及相关材料,对CBAM的发展历程、CBAM给我国对欧贸易及对核电发展的影响等进行了分析。

碳边界调节措施对中国出口产品影响评估

虽然2012年后全球温室气体减排机制尚未达成,但各国纷纷制定气候和能源法案以促进减排。为维持国内企业竞争力,防止碳泄露和能源密集型产业转移,部分国家可能会实施单边贸易措施。文章主要结合美国相关法案,作出合理政策假设,利用IPCC二氧化碳排放计算方法和投入产出模型,考察潜在碳边界调节措施对中国出口影响。结果发现,中国整体出口受碳成本上升影响有限,但基本钢铁产业、化学制造产业和非矿物制造产业的出口产品受冲击较大。

Carbon dioxide levels and ventilation for running vehicle

Factors contributing to ventilation quantity of the vehicle are ventilation modes, cabin characteristics and vehicle speeds. CO2 levels were investigated under different speeds and ventilation modes. Four modes were selected： A： vent closed and fan shut, B： vent closed and fan started, C： vent opened and fan shut, D： vent opened and fan started. In vent closed modes, CO2 levels reached several thousands of ppm in few minutes at any speeds. For mode C, CO2 levels exceeded the guideline at low speeds 50 km/h, while it reduced below one at higher speeds 80 km/h. Fan has no significant impact on ventilation during vent closed. The ventilation efficiency in each mode increased with the speed raising. To determine the ventilation rate of running vehicle, the experiment was implemented by using CO2 emitted from driver and passengers as tracer gas. Ventilation rate for the different modes and speeds were calculated.