面向绿色高表面质量制造的硬态车削工艺多目标参数优化

目的为了进行硬态车削绿色制造与工艺性能协同优化研究,提出一种同时考虑碳排放量和表面粗糙度的多目标优化方法。方法首先,通过分析硬态车削过程中切削参数、工件材料、刀具材料等因素对切削功率的影响建立碳排放目标函数,针对工件的表面粗糙度受到切削条件、工件材料、刀具材料等诸多因素的影响,利用正交试验和广义回归神经网络建立轴承硬态车削表面粗糙度目标函数。然后,考虑加工过程中机床特性和硬车实际工况等约束条件,建立以切削参数为优化变量,以碳排放量和表面粗糙度为优化目标的多目标优化模型,引入权重系数将其转化为单目标优化模型。最后,利用遗传算法对优化模型进行优化求解,深入分析切削参数对优化目标的影响。结果在工厂实际轴承产品硬车试验中验证了优化模型的有效性,结果表明,切削速度为225 m/min、进给量为0.08 mm/r、背吃刀量为0.10 mm时,碳排放量和表面粗糙度的综合优化指标最低。相比优化前,虽然碳排放量上升了13.05%,但表面质量提升了34.44%。结论研究结果对面向绿色制造的轴承硬车工艺参数优化提供理论方法有重要意义。

Economic Analysis of CO2 Emission Abatement Applying a Dynamic CGE Model with Endogenous Technological Change： Impacts of the Time Horizon

We evaluate economic and environmental impacts of climate change mitigation in a country scale considering various time horizons in the analysis applying a single-country dynamic computable general equilibrium model with endogenous technological change. Although there is a possibility that Gross Domestic Product （GDP） becomes larger for the abatement cases than the baseline case in the earlier years, it tends to be lower than that in the later years. The longer the time horizon and/or the more severe the abatement, the larger the negative impacts will be. When subsidizing R＆D investment, increase in GDP compared to the baseline case is realized in the middle of the time horizon, and the larger increase tends to be observed for the longer-term cases. These results would be due to technological change induced by the subsidies and emission abatement. Environmental indicators are also improved. We showed that the results were influenced by the target time horizon when using an intertemporal dynamic model.

Assessing China 2030 carbon emissions from fossil fuels:based on system dynamics model

The Chinese government has set ambitious targets to reduce the per unit of GDP by 40% ~45% during 2005 to 2020 and achieve the intensity peaking of carbon emissions of CO2 emissions a- round 2030. The T21 national development model for China was developed for the purpose of analy- zing the effects of long-term national policies that relate to carbon emissions, loss of farm land, water shortage, energy security, food security, and their contributions to this reduction target. The focus of this paper is on the policies that have substantial impacts on carbon emissions from fossil fuels. Four scenarios are developed with the model to simulate future carbon emissions ： 1 ） the BAU （ busi- ness as usual） scenario, showing the likely results of continuing current policies; 2 ） the TECH （technology） scenario showing the effects of more investment in renewable energy sources and promoting more energy efficient technologies; 3 ） the BEHAVIOR scenario, showing how government tax and price policies, together with public education programs, would instigate behaviour changes towards more sustainable living; and 4 ） the TECH＆BEHA scenario, which shows the results of combining scenarios 2 and 3. The simulation results show that CO2 emissions reduction targets of China are achievable, but also require great effort to put in.

Study on CO_2 Emission Reduction from Chinese Coal-Fired Power Plants Between 1993 and 2010

Based on the Chinese thermal coal and power generation data,such as ultimate analysis,proximate analysis,low heat value(LHV)on as received basis,power generation volume,thermal coal consumption volume and net coal consumption rate,several mathematical models for calculating CO 2 reduction by Chinese coal-fired power plants are established.Calculations of the CO 2 emission factor(CEF),the CO 2 emission volume and reduction volume are made according to these models.The calculation results reveal that between 1993 and 2010,the CO 2 emission volume reached 31.069 Gt,reduced by 0.439 Gt,averaging 28.83 Mt each year.

Carbon emissions of China's industrial sectors based on input-output analysis

This study uses an input-output model presenting the embodied carbon emission in the importexport procedure, as well as the responsibility allocation between China's 35 sectors and 7 main trade partners from 1995 to 2011. Results indicate that the amount of carbon emissions in China's industrial sectors is immense and that the industrial sectors are in serious imbalance. Such imbalance exists mainly in textiles, basic and fabricated metal, electrical and optical equipment,and machinery, among others. Based on the consumer-responsibility principle, the responsibility of 29 departments is reduced. Correspondingly, foreign sectors become more responsible.America, as China's largest trading partner, should account for most of the total responsibility,followed by developed countries such as Japan, South Korea, and Germany.

Estimating the Impacts of Nuclear Phase-out and FIT on Tokyo Electric Power Company Jurisdiction

This study examines the effects of nuclear phase-out and newly implemented FIT （feed-in tariff） at the TEPCO （Tokyo Electric Power Company） jurisdiction. A power generation mix linear programming model is developed for the TEPCO jurisdiction up to 2030. Three results are found from this analysis. First, coal-fired power plants compensate for an abolishment of nuclear power generation when power mix is analyzed to maximum profits. Second, it is clarified that FIT provides competitiveness to wind power for potential and photovoltaics at the location where 15% of efficiency is expected at the TEPCO jurisdiction. Third, implementing FIT can decrease fossil-fuel dependency and CO2 emissions as much as planned nuclear power generation. However, system costs increase 4.61 trillion.

Life Cycle Evaluation of Energy Supply Technologies in China by Energy Chain Multi Layered Model

China has a large potential to reduce CO2 emission in the Asian region. In this study, life cycle analyses of energy supply technologies in China were evaluated for enforcing the clean development mechanism （CDM）. Wind power, integrated coal gasification combined cycle （IGCC）, natural gas combined cycle （NGCC）, and ultra super critical power plant （USC） were chosen as new power generation technologies. The system function of the developed model was enhanced to extend coverage to new technologies for power generation systems in China. CO2 intensities, energy profit ratios, and CO2 emission reductions are estimated based on the assumption that these power plants were constructed at Shanxi, Xinjiang, and Shanghai. Wind power showed the best results with regard to CO2 intensity and energy profit ratio. However, it also has some disadvantages with regard to the utilization factor and the lifetime. It is considered that wind power will become an important part of CDM activities as the utilization factor and the lifetime improve. An NGCC using a natural gas pipeline was found to be most advantageous in reducing CO2 emission. IGCC and USC were inferior to NGCC with regard to energy profit ratios and CO2 emission reductions.