生长抑制剂对中华猕猴桃成花和碳水化合物含量的影响

研究了几种生长抑制剂对猕猴桃幼旺树成花的生物学效应和生物化学效应。生长抑制剂B_9,CEPA,PP_(333)均能有效地促进猕猴桃成花,其中PP_(333)促花效果较B_9及CEPA显著;混喷促花效果优于单喷。生长抑制剂处理后,叶片内总糖、可溶性糖、还原糖含量增加,尤其是还原糖含量显著增加,与花芽分化关系密切。根系中高含量的淀粉是花芽分化的一个突出指标。

Carbohydrate malabsorption in patients with non-specific abdominal complaints

Non-specific abdominal complaints are a considerable problem worldwide. Many patients are affected and many differential diagnoses have to be considered. Among these, carbohydrate malabsorption seems to play an important role. However, so far, only incomplete absorption of lactose is broadly accepted, while the malabsorption of fructose and sorbitol is still underestimated, although in many parts of the world it is much more frequent. Despite the success of dietary interventions in many patients, there are still a lot of unanswered questions that make further investigations

Hepatic expression and cellular distribution of the glucose transporter family

Glucose and other carbohydrates are transported into cells using members of a family of integral membrane glucose transporter (GLUT) molecules. To date 14 members of this family, also called the solute carrier 2A proteins have been identified which are divided on the basis of transport characteristics and sequence similarities into several families (Classes 1 to 3). The expression of these different receptor subtypes varies between different species, tissues and cellular subtypes and each has differential sensitivities to stimuli such as insulin. The liver is a contributor to metabolic carbohydrate homeostasis and is a major site for synthesis, storage and redistribution of carbohydrates. Situations in which the balance of glucose homeostasis is upset such as diabetes or the metabolic syndrome can lead metabolic disturbances that drive chronic organ damage and failure, confirming the importance of understanding the molecular regulation of hepatic glucose homeostasis. There is a considerable literature describing the expression and function of receptors that regulate glucose uptake and release by hepatocytes, the most import cells in glucose regulation and glycogen storage. However there is less appreciation of the roles of GLUTs expressed by non parenchymal cell types within the liver, all of which require carbohydrate to function. A better understanding of the detailed cellular distribution of GLUTs in human liver tissue may shed light on mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis. This review summarises the available literature on hepatocellular expression of GLUTs in health and disease and highlights areas where further investigation is required.

Amplification of UGPase cDNA 3＇ UTR from Saccharum Officinarum

UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase is an important enzyme concerned with carbohydrate metabolism in plants. Cloning of UGPase is a premise for further study on molecular level, and it is also crucial for study of carbohydrate metabolism. UGPase cDNA sequence as a template, designed primer, then 3＇-untranslate region （3＇ UTR） of UGPase were amplified by 3＇-rapid amplification of cDNA ends （3＇-RACE）. The results suggested the 3＇ UTR were 243 bp, contained AATAA sequence and Poly（A）.

Construction and Expression of Sugarcane UGPase cDNA Prokaryotic Expression Vector

UGPase （UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase）, one of the primary enzymes concerned with carbohydrate metabolism, catalyzes the formation of UDPG. By inserting the UGPase cDNA fragment cloned from Saccharum officinarum into PQE-30, the prokaryotic expression vector of PQE-UGP was successfully constructed. Then the vector plasmid of PQE-UGP was transformed into host bacteria M 15 and the expression of target gene was induced by Isopropyl β-D-1-Thiogalactopyranoside （IPTG）. The research laid foundation for study on the prokaryotic expression of UGPase.

Effects of Mo-Rubbing abdomen manipulation on glucose metabolism and inflammatory factors in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective To observe the effect of Mo-Rubbing abdomen manipulation on glucose metabolism and inflammatory factors in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).Methods Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a normal group(n=10)and a group for modeling(n=50)using the random number table method.Rats in the group for modeling were induced to form T2DM models by a high-sugar and high-fat diet combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin.Thirty successfully modeled rats were randomly divided into a model group,a Mo-Rubbing abdomen group,and a metformin group,with 10 rats in each group.Rats in the normal group and the model group received no intervention,those in the Mo-Rubbing abdomen group received Mo-Rubbing abdomen manipulation,and those in the metformin group received metformin by gavage.After 8-week intervention,fasting insulin(FINS),fasting plasma glucose(FPG),homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance(HOMA-IR)and area under the curve at the oral glucose tolerance test(AUC-OGTT),as well as serum inflammatory factors interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-6,and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-αwere detected,and the morphological changes of the pancreas were also observed.Results After the 8-week intervention,the levels of FINS,FPG,HOMA-IR,and AUC-OGTT of rats in the Mo-Rubbing abdomen group were significantly lower than those in the model group(P<0.05);the pancreatic injury degree in the Mo-Rubbing abdomen group and the metformin group was lower than that in the model group.Compared with the model group,the serum IL-1β,IL-6,and TNF-αlevels of rats in the Mo-Rubbing abdomen group were significantly decreased(P<0.05),and the serum IL-1βand TNF-αlevels of the metformin group showed a downward trend;the serum IL-6 and TNF-αlevels in the Mo-Rubbing abdomen group were significantly lower than those in the metformin group(P<0.01).There was a significant positive correlation between FPG with IL-1β,IL-6,and TNF-αin the T2DM rats(P<0.01).Conclusion Mo-Rubbing abdomen manipulation reduces the inflammatory response and improves the morphological changes of the pancreas in T2DM rats,thereby achieving the effect of lowering blood glucose.

Protein differential expression in the elongating cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fiber under nitrogen stress

Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient and an important factor limiting agricultural productivity. N deficient or excess conditions often occur during the cotton growth season and incorrect N application may affect cotton fiber yield and quality. Here, the influence of N stress on the cotton fiber proteome was investigated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The results indicated that N application rate affects nitrogen accumulation in fiber cells and fiber length. The proteins differentially expressed during N stress were mainly related to plant carbohydrate metabolism, cell wall component synthesis and transportation, protein/amino acid metabolism, antioxidation and hormone metabolism. The most abundant proteins were C metabolism-related. Ten days post anthesis is a critical time for fiber cells to perceive environmental stress and most proteins were suppressed in both N deficient and N excess conditions at this sampling stage. However, several N metabolism proteins were increased to enhance N stress tolerance. Excess N may suppress carbohydrate/energy metabolism in early fiber development much like N deficiency. These results have identified some interesting proteins that can be further analyzed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of N tolerance.

Comparative proteome analysis of alkaliphilic Bacillus sp.N16-5 grown on different carbon sources

To determine the impact of carbohydrates on the metabolic pathway in alkaliphiles, proteomes were obtained from cultures containing different carbohydrates and were resolved on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). The proteomes were compared to determine differentially expressed proteins. A novel alkaliphilic bacterium (alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. N16-5 isolated from Wudunur Soda Lake, China) was isolated in media with five different carbon sources (glucose, mannose, galactose, arabinose, and xylose). Comparative proteome analysis identified 61 differentially expressed proteins, which were mainly involved in carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid transport, and metabolism, as well as energy production and conversion. The comparison was based on the draft genome sequence of strain N16-5. The abundance of enzymes involved in central metabolism was significantly changed when exposed to various carbohydrates. Notably, catabolite control protein A (CcpA) was up-regulated under all carbon sources compared with glucose. In addition, pentose exhibited a stronger effect than hexose in CcpA-mediated carbon catabolite repression. These results provided a fundamental understanding of carbohydrate metabolism in alkaliphiles.