Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） encompasses a wide spectrum of fat-induced liver injury, ranging from relatively benign steatosis to cirrhosis and liver failure. The presence of obesity and insulin resista...Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） encompasses a wide spectrum of fat-induced liver injury, ranging from relatively benign steatosis to cirrhosis and liver failure. The presence of obesity and insulin resistance is strongly associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver and confers on it a greater risk of histologically advanced disease. There is a growing concern in the medical profession as the prevalence of this disease continues to rise in parallel with the rise in obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Treatment options are limited and dietary weight loss is often advised. Low fat diets are difficult to adhere to and recent studies have shown the potential of low carbohydrate diets for weight loss and improving insulin resistance. Thus far, no study has evaluated the effect of low carbohydrate diets on NAFLD. Future studies will be required to address this question and others with regards to the nutritional adequacy and long-term side effects of these diets.展开更多
The digestive tract is designed for the optimal processing of food that nourishes all organ systems.The esophagus,stomach,small bowel,and colon are sophisticated neuromuscular tubes with specialized sphincters that tr...The digestive tract is designed for the optimal processing of food that nourishes all organ systems.The esophagus,stomach,small bowel,and colon are sophisticated neuromuscular tubes with specialized sphincters that transport ingested food-stuffs from one region to another.Peristaltic contractions move ingested solids and liquids from the esophagus into the stomach;the stomach mixes the ingested nutrients into chyme and empties chyme from the stomach into the duodenum.The to-and-fro movement of the small bowel maximizes absorption of fat,protein,and carbohydrates.Peristaltic contractions are necessary for colon function and defecation.展开更多
Patinopecten yessoensis is a commercial valuable species. This study deals with the effect of nutrient effects of the broodstock(mainly ovaries) on the larvae. Concentrations of total carbohydrate, total protein and t...Patinopecten yessoensis is a commercial valuable species. This study deals with the effect of nutrient effects of the broodstock(mainly ovaries) on the larvae. Concentrations of total carbohydrate, total protein and total lipid in the gonads of P. yessoensis from three Hatcheries(Hatchery 1, Hatchery 2, and Hatchery 3) were determined before and after spawning. The relationship between the nutrient concentration in ovaries before spawning(BC) and that of larvae(LC) was assessed as well as the change in nutrient levels in ovaries after spawning(DC). Results indicate that the BC of total carbohydrate(7.66%) and total lipid(14.48%) in ovaries were significantly higher than in testes(5.20%, 5.20% respectively), whereas the BC of total protein in the ovaries was lower(61.76%) than in the testes(81.67%). The different gonadal composition suggests the different nutrient demands between male and female broodstocks in breeding season. P atinopecten yessoensis gonads contained a higher proportion of lipids, in comparison to other bivalves, which might be a response to the low ambient water temperatures. Further analysis of fatty acids showed that the concentrations of n-3PUFA, EPA and DHA in larvae(LC) were positively correlated with BC and DC, indicating the significant nutrient influence of broodstocks on the larvae. As these fatty acids are important in metabolism, and have been demonstrated to be influential to the viability of the larvae, larval growth and the settlement, spat growth, and juvenile survival in many bivalves, they could possibly be used as indexes to evaluate, and predict condition of broodstocks and larvae.展开更多
The diversity of existing food may decrease malnutrition through the consumption of underutilized species. In Mexico, the ＂charal＂ fish Chirostoma spp. is grouped in five species： Chirostoma grandocule, Chirostoma ...The diversity of existing food may decrease malnutrition through the consumption of underutilized species. In Mexico, the ＂charal＂ fish Chirostoma spp. is grouped in five species： Chirostoma grandocule, Chirostoma patzcuaro, Chirostoma humboltianum, Chirostoma attenuatum and Chirostomajordani which live in lakes in the country, and they are not consumed or their demand is low The objective of this research was to analyze the macronutrients of Chirostomajordani charal and inform population their nutritional value to increase human nutrition. Sampling was provided at Xochimilco channels in Xochimilco, D.F., summer and winter seasons at 2009. Fish （200 g） were maintained in channels water for proximal analysis according AOAC methods （1995）. The results in dry bases were： protein 74.36%, lipids 1.24%, fiber 0.27%, minerals 4.9%, and soluble carbohydrates 19.23%. This fish grants protein, plastic material essential for human development： its lipid and carbohydrate contents, sources of energy, are low; however, the excess of disseminated proteins increase the energy sources. Fiber is found in a minimum amount. Dehydrated charales may be stored without refrigeration up to 3 months, maintaining their nutritional value. Consumption of the charal should be considered in the basic diet for its nutritional properties, to diminish malnutrition in the Mexico and other countries.展开更多
Insect＇s nutrient composition may provide a good source of macro- and micro-nutrients with nutraceutical functions that could help people from semirural areas, such as Ixcaquixtla, located southeast of the Puebla Sta...Insect＇s nutrient composition may provide a good source of macro- and micro-nutrients with nutraceutical functions that could help people from semirural areas, such as Ixcaquixtla, located southeast of the Puebla State, Mexico. The aim of this study was to assess macro- and micro-nutrients in Cuetlas （Arsenura armada C.） larvae and inform local people about the nutraceutical benefits that those insects could provide. Cuetlas larvae samples were collected from Jonote tree on August, 2014 to analyze minerals and macro-nutrient of raw larvae according to AOAC （1995） techniques. Results showed that Cuetlas larvae contained 56.93% proteins, 14.76% lipids, 2.95% minerals, 2.13% fiber and 23.23% soluble carbohydrates. Cuetlas larvae have a good amount of proteins, essential macromolecules for human life as well as essential fatty acids that are important sources of fuel for brain cells and in particular for cardiac and skeletal muscle, minerals, not determined individually, which are important for metabolism processes, fiber for digestive processes and soluble carbohydrates as energy source.展开更多
Mushroom growth of street fast food is a boon for changing lifestyle of urban people. However, its nutritional aspect is also a matter of concern. The objective of the present study was hence to assess the nutrient co...Mushroom growth of street fast food is a boon for changing lifestyle of urban people. However, its nutritional aspect is also a matter of concern. The objective of the present study was hence to assess the nutrient components of fast food sold in streets of Patna town. A total of 30 fast food samples from streets were collected from different locations of Patna town in aseptic containers and immediately transferred to the laboratory for proximate analysis. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the collected data. In terms of nutrient contribution, the highest energy content was found in Hot potato chips （536 ~ 85.2 kcal /I00 g） followed by Chicken chawmin （527 ~ 253.08 kcal/plat）, Chilli chicken （464 ~ 91.8 kcal/plat） and Pav bhaji （425 -4- 164 kcal/plat）. Highest level of protein was detected in Chilli chicken at 27.3 ~ 5.01 g per serving. Protein of Chilli chicken supplied approximately 29% of the total energy content per serving. Maximum amount of fat was also found in Chilli ckicken （35.5 ~ 31.89 g/plat）. Total fat contribution of Chilli ckicken to the total energy per serving found to be approximately 67%. Highest level of carbohydrate was detected in Idli at 15.0 ~ 9.18 g per serving of sample which contributed approximately 91% of the total energy content per serving. From this study it was concluded that street fast foods provide an appreciable amount of recommended nutrient composition. It could be observed in this study that street fast foods supply appreciable amount of nutrients and calories to the people of Patna.展开更多
Nutrition plays an essential role in normal linear growth in children. Knowledge of the eating styles and dietary consumption of healthy short children from developed countries is scarce. The aim of this study was to ...Nutrition plays an essential role in normal linear growth in children. Knowledge of the eating styles and dietary consumption of healthy short children from developed countries is scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the dietary patterns in idiopathic short stature （ISS） and relatively low weight children compared to children with normal stature and weight. This research is a case-control study of 86 pre-pubertal healthy children, mean age 5.9 ± 1.5 years. The study group comprised 43 ISS children; 43 age-matched children with normal stature and weight served as controls. Outcome measures included： dietary patterns and physical activity. The absolute daily average energy, protein and carbohydrate intake was significantly lower in the ISS children （P 〈 0.05）; after correcting for body surface area, no significant differences were found between groups. Intake of micronutrients calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A and vitamin C, expressed as percentage from Recommended Dietary Allowance, was significantly lower in the ISS children （P 〈 0.05）, who had lower food responsiveness, higher satiety responsiveness, lesser enjoyment of food and were slower eaters （P 〈 0.001）. Physical activity was sedentary in both the ISS cases and controls. Our findings in healthy, pre-pubertal, relatively lean ISS children point to a distinct eating pattern with no alteration in physical activity. Understanding the differences in dietary intake and eating behaviors may be beneficial in the development of targeted nutritional intervention for lean ISS children.展开更多
文摘Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） encompasses a wide spectrum of fat-induced liver injury, ranging from relatively benign steatosis to cirrhosis and liver failure. The presence of obesity and insulin resistance is strongly associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver and confers on it a greater risk of histologically advanced disease. There is a growing concern in the medical profession as the prevalence of this disease continues to rise in parallel with the rise in obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Treatment options are limited and dietary weight loss is often advised. Low fat diets are difficult to adhere to and recent studies have shown the potential of low carbohydrate diets for weight loss and improving insulin resistance. Thus far, no study has evaluated the effect of low carbohydrate diets on NAFLD. Future studies will be required to address this question and others with regards to the nutritional adequacy and long-term side effects of these diets.
基金Supported by NIH Research Grants R01DK071614,1RC1DK 087151,and U01 DK073975-01
文摘The digestive tract is designed for the optimal processing of food that nourishes all organ systems.The esophagus,stomach,small bowel,and colon are sophisticated neuromuscular tubes with specialized sphincters that transport ingested food-stuffs from one region to another.Peristaltic contractions move ingested solids and liquids from the esophagus into the stomach;the stomach mixes the ingested nutrients into chyme and empties chyme from the stomach into the duodenum.The to-and-fro movement of the small bowel maximizes absorption of fat,protein,and carbohydrates.Peristaltic contractions are necessary for colon function and defecation.
基金Supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program of China(No.2011BAD13B05)the Agricultural Science and Technology Achievements Transformation Projects(No.2012GB24910656)+1 种基金the Special Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences for Strategic Advanced Science and Technology(No.XDA11020404)the National Special Research Fund for Non-Profit Marine Sector(No.201305043)
文摘Patinopecten yessoensis is a commercial valuable species. This study deals with the effect of nutrient effects of the broodstock(mainly ovaries) on the larvae. Concentrations of total carbohydrate, total protein and total lipid in the gonads of P. yessoensis from three Hatcheries(Hatchery 1, Hatchery 2, and Hatchery 3) were determined before and after spawning. The relationship between the nutrient concentration in ovaries before spawning(BC) and that of larvae(LC) was assessed as well as the change in nutrient levels in ovaries after spawning(DC). Results indicate that the BC of total carbohydrate(7.66%) and total lipid(14.48%) in ovaries were significantly higher than in testes(5.20%, 5.20% respectively), whereas the BC of total protein in the ovaries was lower(61.76%) than in the testes(81.67%). The different gonadal composition suggests the different nutrient demands between male and female broodstocks in breeding season. P atinopecten yessoensis gonads contained a higher proportion of lipids, in comparison to other bivalves, which might be a response to the low ambient water temperatures. Further analysis of fatty acids showed that the concentrations of n-3PUFA, EPA and DHA in larvae(LC) were positively correlated with BC and DC, indicating the significant nutrient influence of broodstocks on the larvae. As these fatty acids are important in metabolism, and have been demonstrated to be influential to the viability of the larvae, larval growth and the settlement, spat growth, and juvenile survival in many bivalves, they could possibly be used as indexes to evaluate, and predict condition of broodstocks and larvae.
文摘The diversity of existing food may decrease malnutrition through the consumption of underutilized species. In Mexico, the ＂charal＂ fish Chirostoma spp. is grouped in five species： Chirostoma grandocule, Chirostoma patzcuaro, Chirostoma humboltianum, Chirostoma attenuatum and Chirostomajordani which live in lakes in the country, and they are not consumed or their demand is low The objective of this research was to analyze the macronutrients of Chirostomajordani charal and inform population their nutritional value to increase human nutrition. Sampling was provided at Xochimilco channels in Xochimilco, D.F., summer and winter seasons at 2009. Fish （200 g） were maintained in channels water for proximal analysis according AOAC methods （1995）. The results in dry bases were： protein 74.36%, lipids 1.24%, fiber 0.27%, minerals 4.9%, and soluble carbohydrates 19.23%. This fish grants protein, plastic material essential for human development： its lipid and carbohydrate contents, sources of energy, are low; however, the excess of disseminated proteins increase the energy sources. Fiber is found in a minimum amount. Dehydrated charales may be stored without refrigeration up to 3 months, maintaining their nutritional value. Consumption of the charal should be considered in the basic diet for its nutritional properties, to diminish malnutrition in the Mexico and other countries.
文摘Insect＇s nutrient composition may provide a good source of macro- and micro-nutrients with nutraceutical functions that could help people from semirural areas, such as Ixcaquixtla, located southeast of the Puebla State, Mexico. The aim of this study was to assess macro- and micro-nutrients in Cuetlas （Arsenura armada C.） larvae and inform local people about the nutraceutical benefits that those insects could provide. Cuetlas larvae samples were collected from Jonote tree on August, 2014 to analyze minerals and macro-nutrient of raw larvae according to AOAC （1995） techniques. Results showed that Cuetlas larvae contained 56.93% proteins, 14.76% lipids, 2.95% minerals, 2.13% fiber and 23.23% soluble carbohydrates. Cuetlas larvae have a good amount of proteins, essential macromolecules for human life as well as essential fatty acids that are important sources of fuel for brain cells and in particular for cardiac and skeletal muscle, minerals, not determined individually, which are important for metabolism processes, fiber for digestive processes and soluble carbohydrates as energy source.
文摘Mushroom growth of street fast food is a boon for changing lifestyle of urban people. However, its nutritional aspect is also a matter of concern. The objective of the present study was hence to assess the nutrient components of fast food sold in streets of Patna town. A total of 30 fast food samples from streets were collected from different locations of Patna town in aseptic containers and immediately transferred to the laboratory for proximate analysis. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the collected data. In terms of nutrient contribution, the highest energy content was found in Hot potato chips （536 ~ 85.2 kcal /I00 g） followed by Chicken chawmin （527 ~ 253.08 kcal/plat）, Chilli chicken （464 ~ 91.8 kcal/plat） and Pav bhaji （425 -4- 164 kcal/plat）. Highest level of protein was detected in Chilli chicken at 27.3 ~ 5.01 g per serving. Protein of Chilli chicken supplied approximately 29% of the total energy content per serving. Maximum amount of fat was also found in Chilli ckicken （35.5 ~ 31.89 g/plat）. Total fat contribution of Chilli ckicken to the total energy per serving found to be approximately 67%. Highest level of carbohydrate was detected in Idli at 15.0 ~ 9.18 g per serving of sample which contributed approximately 91% of the total energy content per serving. From this study it was concluded that street fast foods provide an appreciable amount of recommended nutrient composition. It could be observed in this study that street fast foods supply appreciable amount of nutrients and calories to the people of Patna.
文摘Nutrition plays an essential role in normal linear growth in children. Knowledge of the eating styles and dietary consumption of healthy short children from developed countries is scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the dietary patterns in idiopathic short stature （ISS） and relatively low weight children compared to children with normal stature and weight. This research is a case-control study of 86 pre-pubertal healthy children, mean age 5.9 ± 1.5 years. The study group comprised 43 ISS children; 43 age-matched children with normal stature and weight served as controls. Outcome measures included： dietary patterns and physical activity. The absolute daily average energy, protein and carbohydrate intake was significantly lower in the ISS children （P 〈 0.05）; after correcting for body surface area, no significant differences were found between groups. Intake of micronutrients calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A and vitamin C, expressed as percentage from Recommended Dietary Allowance, was significantly lower in the ISS children （P 〈 0.05）, who had lower food responsiveness, higher satiety responsiveness, lesser enjoyment of food and were slower eaters （P 〈 0.001）. Physical activity was sedentary in both the ISS cases and controls. Our findings in healthy, pre-pubertal, relatively lean ISS children point to a distinct eating pattern with no alteration in physical activity. Understanding the differences in dietary intake and eating behaviors may be beneficial in the development of targeted nutritional intervention for lean ISS children.
