Effect of Paclobutrazol plus Ethephon Treatment on Endogenous Hormones and Carbon and Nitrogen Nutrients in Litchi Variety ‘Feizixiao'

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effect of spraying the mixture of paclobutrazol and ethephon on the endogenous hormones and carbon and nitrogen nutrients in litchi variety ＇Feizixiao＇.[Method] [Result] The results showed that foliar spraying of the mixture of paclobutrazol and ethephon could effectively inhibit litchi variety ＇Feizixiao＇ to produce winter shoots,promote the flower bud differentiation and improve flower formation rate; meanwhile,this treatment could also increase the contents of ABA and ZR,and the ratios of ABA/IAA,ABA/GA3,ZR/IAA,ZR/GA3,and decrease the contents of IAA and GA3; additionally,it could increase the contents of soluble sugar,starch and total nitrogen,and raise C/N ratio,thus improving the flower formation rate.[Conclusion] Foliar spraying of the mixture of paclobutrazol and ethephon is an effective pathway for solving warmth damage to litchi.

豇豆叶霉病菌生物学特性的研究

豇豆叶霉病菌,即菜豆尾孢(Cercospra cruenia Sacc)在供试的7种半组合和3种组合培养基上都不形成分生孢子,但菌丝在其上均可生长,以豇豆叶葡萄糖琼脂培养基和V—8汁琼脂培养基为生长最佳培养基。不同碳源、氮源对菌丝生长的影响也不同,其中,2—甲基—D—葡萄糖苷和硝酸钙;硝酸钾、硝酸钠分别为生长的最佳碳源和氮源。菌丝生长的温度范围是5～35℃,以25℃～30℃为最佳。不同的光照处理(1000lux荧光)对菌丝生长无显著影响。菌丝在p H2～11.40的0.1M磷酸缓冲液中均可生长,以p H7～8为最适生长酸碱度,0.1M磷酸缓冲液较0.1M柠檬酸缓冲液利于菌丝生长。

Food Resource Partitioning in Alpine Weasel,Steppe Polecat and Upland Buzzard:Evidence from Stable Isotope Ratios

Based on mass balance theory and IsoSource program,stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios revealed that small mammals (plateau pika,root vole and plateau zokor) contributed 26.8% and 27.0% and 29.2% to alpine weasel,steppe polecat and upland buzzard of carnivores as food respectively;adult passerine birds contributed 22.3%,47.7% and 69.1%,with hatchlings contributing 50.9%,25.6% and 1.70% to each respectively.δ 13 C values plotted against δ 15 N indicated significant partitioning in two-dimensional space among the three carnivores.It was reasonable to propose a food resource partitioning among alpine weasel,steppe polecat and upland buzzard,which partially revealed their co-existence mechanisms.

Growth and pigmentation of halophilic archaea Haloarcula isolated from saltponds

Carotenoids accumulation in red halophilic archaea cells is considered apotential biotechnological product possessing a number of biological functions. Anarchaeal strain was isolated from brine water in a saltern crystallizer pond ofHanguSaltworks, China. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that it wasHaloarcula belonged to extremely halophilic archaea genus Halobacteriaceae. Todeterminethe effect of carbon source on the growth in Haloarcula cells, sucrose,lactose, glucose and soluble starch were supplemented into the culturemediumcontainingdissolved yeast extract and casein hydrolysate （10 g/L, 4：3 w/w） at alevel of 10 g/L, respectively, and sucrose was found to be a suitable one. To determinethe optimal supplementing levels of sucrose, three levels of sucrose （5, 10, 15 g/L）were added to the modified complete medium, and 10 g/L of sucrose supplementationwas optimal. The analysis of TLC and column gel chromatograph on pigment extractshowed five major pigments accumulated in Haloarcula cells, which werepreliminary detected as lycopene, bacterioruberin and its derivatives according to their absorptionpeak features.

Effect of Different Concentration of Cytokinins, Carbon Source and Agar on in vitro Propagation of Dahlia sp. through One Single Node

An efficient in vitro protocol for mass production of shoot of Dahlia was developed by using node explant, various carbon sources such as sucrose, glucose, fructose and galactose. Agar concentrations and various growth regulators on in vitro shoot multiplication of Dahlia were studied in the present investigation. The nodal explant from the gardens grown plant were used as testing plant material to develop an efficient protocol for mass propagation of exotic Dahlia to enhance their production for growers and the local markets. This study determined the effect of different carbon sucrose concentrations and gelling agent on in vitro propagation of Dahlia, different carbon sources （sucrose, glucose, fructose and galactose） were investigated, each sugar was added individually to the MS culture medium at the concentrations of 15, 30 and 45 g·L^-1, respectively. Culture medium of each treatment was supplemented with 1,5 mg·L^-1 BA ＋ 1.5 mg·L^-1Kin ＋ 7,0 g·L^-1 agar. The highest number of shoots （7.00）, number of leaves （11.50）, number of node （6.75） and shoot length （8.24 cm） was obtained on MS medium supplemented with 30 g·L^-1 glucose. The least number of shoots （3.38）, number of leaves （5.00）, number of node （3.13） and the least shoot length （2.96 cm） was obtained on 45 g·L^-1 galactose and the least shoot length （2.29 cm） was observed on MS medium with free carbon sources. While the medium with 30 g·L^-1 glucose and 8 g·L^-1 agar gave the highest number of shoots （7.13）, number of leaves （10.75）, number of node （7.13） and shoot length （8.18 cm）. However, the least number of shoots （1.50）, number of leaves （1.88）, number of node （1.63） and the least shoot length （1.26 cm） was obtained with 30 g·L^-1 galactose and 12 g·L^-1 agar. Rooting was readily achieved upon transferring the microshoots onto MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg·L^-1 IBA, IAA and NAA and 30 g·L^-1 （w/v） different types of carbon sources. The percentage of rooting was less （71.88%） on MS medium containing IAA as compared with IBA or NAA. While the medium having 30 g·L^-1 glucose with 0.1 IBA or NAA mg·L^-1, give the highest percentage of root （100%）, and the highest number of root （3.88） and root length （3.56 cm） was obtained on MS medium containing 30 g·L^-1 glucose with 0.1 mg·L^-1 IBA. More than 98% of rooted plantlets were established in the greenhouse.

Factors Influencing the Energy Efficiency of Tourism Transport in China

Transport is a major component of energy consumption and 002 emissions in travelling. Understanding changes in the energy efficiency of tourism transport （EETT） and factors affecting this is important to the promotion of low-carbon tourism. This paper established a new method following the top to bottom principle and analyzed EETT variation characteristics and influencing factors from 1994 to 2013 in China. We found that the energy consumption of tourism transport （ECTT） increased from 178.21 PJ in 1994 to 565.82 PJ in 2013 at an average annual growth rate of 6.27%; CO2 emissions of tourism transport （CETT） went up from 14.96×10^6t to 47.94×10^6 t due to person-trip and trip distance growth. EETT went from 3.22×10^6 person-trips PJ^-1 in 1994 to 5.99×10^6 person-trips PJ^-1 in 2013 at an average annual growth rate of 4.90%, and the CO2 emissions of tourism transport unit person-trips （CETTU） shifted from 26.07 kg person-trips^-1 in 1994 to 14.01 kg person-trips^-1 in 2013. Energy intensity decline, scale effects and policy promotion were key factors that enhanced EETT. Meanwhile, trip mode changes and enjoyment-oriented transport hindered EETT. Based on our analysis, we suggest methods to decrease ECTT and CETT. and enhance EETT.