过渡金属催化的羧酸脱羧碳-杂原子偶联反应研究进展

羧酸具有价廉、易得、易于运输存储等特点。与传统的有机金属试剂相比,羧酸经过渡金属催化脱羧后生成的有机金属中间体同样具有很好的与亲核试剂偶联或与亲电试剂反应的活性,以羧酸为反应试剂经脱羧与碳原子或杂原子偶联为化学键的构建提供了新的思路,尤为重要的是羧酸经脱羧偶联通常只产生一分子二氧化碳。大量的脱羧碳-碳、碳-杂键成键反应已被报道,其中包括SP碳羧酸、SP2碳羧酸、SP3碳羧酸。本文着重介绍羧酸脱羧与杂原子偶联反应,包括脱羧质子化、碳-氮、碳-氧、碳-硫、碳-硒、碳-卤、碳-磷键成键反应。

分子碘催化的以碳-氢键直接官能化的方式进行的碳-杂原子键形成反应

碳-杂原子键的形成是有机合成中重要的官能团转化之一。基于碳-氢键官能化的有机合成反应可以简化原料,缩短反应流程,能够实现常规方法难以制备的目标产物,是最经济、最简洁、最有效的途径,符合原子经济的现代合成理念。分子碘是一种廉价易得、无毒、对环境友好的温和的Lewis酸和强氧化剂。文章综述了近年来报道的分子碘促进的通过碳-氢键直接官能化方式进行的碳-杂原子键形成反应。

碳-杂原子键复分解反应的研究进展

复分解反应作为一种重要的化学键重组反应,被认为是构建常规路径无法获得的复杂分子的重要方法,极大地推动了合成化学的发展.然而,目前已知的复分解反应大多局限于多重键的重组反应,碳-杂原子键的复分解反应由于其键能比较高,不容易被切断,面临着诸多机遇和挑战.根据成键类型进行划分,总结了近十年来过渡金属及氢键催化的C—Si、C—P、C—S、C—I、C—O和C—N键复分解反应的研究进展.

均相催化活化杂原子-碳(E-C)键及其与炔烃的加成反应

系统总结了Ni、Pd、Pt、Rh、Cu等过渡金属配合物催化活化Si-C、Sn-C、S-C、Se-C、Cl-C、Br-C等杂原子-碳键及其与炔烃的加成反应.这些新型的炔烃加成反应提供了合成含R3Si、R3Sn、RS、RSe、Cl和Br等活性官能团烯烃化合物的原子经济型一步合成方法.同时加成反应体系具有很高的立体选择性和区域选择性.

Chalcogen heteroatoms doped nickel-nitrogen-carbon single-atom catalysts with asymmetric coordination for efficient electrochemical CO_(2)reduction

The electronic configuration of central metal atoms in single-atom catalysts(SACs)is pivotal in electrochemical CO_(2)reduction reaction(eCO_(2)RR).Herein,chalcogen heteroatoms(e.g.,S,Se,and Te)were incorporated into the symmetric nickel-nitrogen-carbon(Ni-N4-C)configuration to obtain Ni-X-N3-C(X:S,Se,and Te)SACs with asymmetric coordination presented for central Ni atoms.Among these obtained Ni-X-N3-C(X:S,Se,and Te)SACs,Ni-Se-N3-C exhibited superior eCO_(2)RR activity,with CO selectivity reaching~98%at-0.70 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE).The Zn-CO_(2)battery integrated with Ni-Se-N3-C as cathode and Zn foil as anode achieved a peak power density of 1.82 mW cm-2 and maintained remarkable rechargeable stability over 20 h.In-situ spectral investigations and theoretical calculations demonstrated that the chalcogen heteroatoms doped into the Ni-N4-C configuration would break coordination symmetry and trigger charge redistribution,and then regulate the intermediate behaviors and thermodynamic reaction pathways for eCO_(2)RR.Especially,for Ni-Se-N3-C,the introduced Se atoms could significantly raise the d-band center of central Ni atoms and thus remarkably lower the energy barrier for the rate-determining step of*COOH formation,contributing to the promising eCO_(2)RR performance for high selectivity CO production by competing with hydrogen evolution reaction.

Precise Control in Characteristics of Nano-particulate MFI-Type Ferrisilicate and Their Catalysis in the Conversion of Dimethyl Ether into Light Olefins

This study reports the synthesis of size-controlled Fe-MFI （Fe-substituted zeolites with the MFI topology） and their catalytic performances for DTO （dimethyl ether-to-olefins） reaction. The amount of HC1 and aging temperature were decisive factors to control the particle size of Fe-MFI in the range of 50 nm to 600 nm. The introduction of Fe3＋ ions into the zeolitic framework was confirmed by UV （ultraviolet）-visible spectroscopy. In addition, it was observed that the strength of acid site in prepared Fe-MFI was weaker than that of commercial ZSM-5. With decrease in the particle size, the amount of deposited coke decreased so that the catalyst life for the DTO reaction was well promoted. The present catalysts showed the higher light-olefin selectivity （C2= ＋ C3= ＋ C4=） than commercial ZSM-5 catalysts mainly due to the suppression of the formation of paraffins; however, the Fe-MFI catalysts were deactivated rapidly because of their low activity for the cracking of alkenes.

三价铟化合物在有机合成中的应用

综述了近年来三价铟化合物促进的多种有机反应及其在有机合成中的应用 。

Pinpointing single metal atom anchoring sites in carbon for oxygen reduction: Doping sites or defects?

Enabling the conversion of chemical energy of fuels directly into electricity without combustion,fuel cells are arousing great interest in both academia and industry.A typical case is the proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC),already commercialized by automobile giants.For mass popularization,however,three major criteria must be balanced:performance,durability and cost.The electrocatalysts used in both the anode and cathode are the kernel of PEMFCs,being essential for efficient operation.First in the firing‐line is the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)at the cathode,which is normally very sluggish:over six orders of magnitude slower than the anode hydrogen oxidation reaction(HOR)[1].Thus,considerable efforts have been made to improve the cathode ORR.Identifying the main active sites is key to the design of optimum materials for enhanced ORR.Considering the complex balance of preparation,performance and cost,the active sites of metal‐nitrogen‐carbon(M‐N‐C)catalysts are particularly promising.Coupled with the single metal atom(SMA)catalysts[2–5],two excellent M‐N‐C catalysts were recently reported[6,7].New insights were thereby gained into the delicate architecture of carbon‐based SMA catalysts for ORR.

Regulating carbon work function to boost electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction

Electronic regulation of carbon is essential for developing non-platinum electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reactions(ORRs).In this work,we used Cs to further regulate the electronic structure of nitrogen-doped(N-doped)carbon.The Cs atoms coordinated with the nitrogen atom in the N-doped carbon for injecting electrons into the carbon conjugate structure and reducing the work function of the carbon network.The low-work-function surface improved electron donation,facilitated O_(2) dissociation,and enhanced the adsorption of an OOH^(*) intermediate.Thus,electrocatalytic performance for the ORR was improved.The material shows potential as an ORR electrocatalyst comparable with Pt/C.

Ionic-liquid-assisted synthesis of metal single-atom catalysts for benzene oxidation to phenol

Ionic liquids(ILs)have the advantages of low cost,eco-friendliness,abundant heteroatoms,excellent solubility,and coordinated ability with metal ions.These features make ILs a suitable precursor for fabricating metal singleatom catalysts(SACs).Herein,we prepared various metal single atoms anchored on ultrathin N-doped nanosheets(denoted as Cu_(1)/NC,Fe_(1)/NC,Co_(1)/NC,Ni_(1)/NC,and Pd_(1)/NC)by direct pyrolysis using ILs and g-C_(3)N_(4)nanosheets as templates.Taking benzene oxidation to phenol with H_(2)O_(2)as a model reaction to evaluate their catalytic performance and potential applications,Cu_(1)/NC calcined at 1000℃(denoted as Cu1/NC-1000)exhibits the highest activity with a turnover frequency of about 200 h^(-1)in the first 1 h at 60℃,which is better than that of most metal SACs reported in the literature.High benzene conversion of 82% with high phenol selectivity of 96% and excellent recyclability were achieved using the Cu_(1)/NC-1000 catalyst.This study provides an efficient general strategy for fabricating SACs using ILs for catalytic applications.

芳炔参与的三组分芳基化反应进展

三组分反应具有操作简单、反应效率高等优势,契合“原子经济、绿色环保”等原则.目前,芳炔参与的无过渡金属催化的芳基化反应主要分为以下三种类型:(1)直接芳基化反应;(2)基于σ-键或π-键的芳炔插入反应;(3)芳炔参与的三组分反应.相比于发展较为成熟的直接芳基化反应和基于σ-键或π-键的芳炔插入反应,芳炔参与的三组分反应机理尚不清楚,相关的综述也较为少见.为了科研工作者方便查阅、了解芳炔参与的三组分反应,对近年来芳炔参与的芳基化三组分反应研究进展进行综述.

烷基铝试剂与亲电试剂的偶联反应研究进展

烷基铝试剂因其反应活性高、毒性低、易于制备,广泛应用于有机反应中.过渡金属催化或无催化剂的条件下,有机铝试剂与亲电试剂的交叉偶联反应为多种化合物的合成提供了一种简便的方法,并显示出比有机锂和有机镁试剂更高的官能团耐受性,可以在硝基、酯基、羟基、氨基、腈基和内酯的存在下与羰基进行加成反应,与亲电试剂进行偶联反应.近年来许多有机铝试剂在交叉偶联反应中得到了较广泛的应用.综述了近年来烷基铝试剂在交叉偶联反应中的研究成果,涉及到各种反应体系.

过渡金属催化磷—氢键的转化反应

有机膦化合物在有机合成、催化、生化、医药以及材料等各个领域都起重要的作用.主要总结了本课题组近几年来在过渡金属催化磷—氢化合物的转化反应研究方面取得的进展,包括磷—氢化合物对各种碳—碳不饱和化合物的区域立体选择性加成反应、不对称磷—氢加成反应和磷—氢化合物与碳—氢和杂原子—氢化合物的氧化或脱氢偶联反应.我们开发的反应提供了一系列制备各类不同精细有机膦化合物的相对高效和高原子经济性的新方法,相关反应的机理也将做适当讨论.