电子非广延分布的多离子磁化等离子体鞘层特性

等离子体磁化鞘层在半导体加工、材料表面改性、薄膜沉积等方面都发挥着重要作用.在等离子体实验和放电应用中,常存在由两种以上离子组成的多离子等离子体;对于长程相互作用的等离子体系统,非麦克斯韦分布的电子可通过Tsallis的非广延分布来描述.本文针对多离子等离子体鞘层建立一维空间坐标三维速度坐标的流体模型,假设鞘层中电子速度服从非广延分布,本底氦离子和不同种类的杂质离子在有一定倾斜角度的磁场中被磁化,通过数值模拟探究了非广延参量、杂质离子及斜磁场对多离子磁鞘中离子的数密度、速度、壁面电势和离子动能等物理量的影响.结果表明,在氦氢或氦氩混合等离子体鞘层中,随着非广延参量增大,离子沿垂直壁方向的速度减小,鞘层中离子、电子数密度均减小,鞘层厚度减小,壁面处离子动能减小;当杂质离子浓度增大时,壁面处离子动能与离子种类无关.随着磁场强度的增大,氦离子数密度和沿垂直壁方向的速度在鞘边出现起伏,且波动幅度随着非广延参量的减小而增大,而重离子则无明显的波动.此外,还分析了杂质离子种类和浓度对鞘层相关特性的影响.

热电子发射对钨偏滤器靶板附近磁化鞘层影响的模拟研究

高约束模式是先进托卡马克装置的首选运行方式,但边界局域模的爆发会使沉积到偏滤器靶板的热负荷急剧增大,导致靶板温度迅速上升,表面热电子发射增强.本文采用一维流体模型模拟了热电子发射对磁化鞘层特性的影响.结果表明,在热电子发射的作用下,靶板的悬浮电势幅值减小,电场强度减弱.大量的热发射电子离开靶板,使得在靶板附近出现净电荷密度为负的区域,将磁化鞘层划分为离子鞘和电子鞘两部分.在电子鞘中,随着靶板表面温度的升高,靶板前累积的电子增多,电势分布呈现非单调性,出现虚拟阴极结构.靶板附近形成的反向电场会限制热发射电子离开靶板,离子运动减速,导致沉积到靶板的离子能量降低.随着磁场与靶板法线夹角的增大,磁化鞘层总电势降变大,虚拟阴极电势降低,磁化鞘层中电子鞘的占比增加,形成虚拟阴极所需的靶板温度升高.

电子非麦氏分布的二次电子发射磁化鞘层特性

采用空间一维速度三维的磁流体模型研究了电子的非麦克斯韦分布对具有二次电子发射的磁化等离子体鞘层特性的影响.假设鞘层中电子速度服从非广延分布,离子在具有一定倾斜角度的磁场中被磁化.通过建立自洽的磁流体方程,研究了电子非广延分布参数q及磁场强度和角度对等离子体鞘层玻姆判据、壁面悬浮电势、鞘边二次电子数密度、鞘层厚度、离子速度等的影响.研究表明,当电子速度分布偏离麦克斯韦分布时,非广延参数q值越大,玻姆判据的值越小,壁面电势越高,鞘边二次电子数密度增大,鞘层厚度减小,鞘层区域离子、电子数密度下降加快,且壁面附近离子数密度较高,离子3个方向的速度均降低.此外,随着磁场强度增大,鞘层厚度减小,鞘层区域离子、电子数密度下降加快;磁场角度越大,参数q值对壁面电势、鞘层厚度的影响程度越显著,在超广延、亚广延分布情况下壁面附近离子x方向速度随磁场角度变化呈相反趋势.

Preparation of Al_2O_3/Au nano-laminated composite coatings and their oxidation resistance on stainless steel

Al2O3/Au nano-laminated composite coatings were prepared by means of magnetron sputtering. The coating was compact and comprised of nano-laminated Al2O3 and Au layers. High temperature cyclic oxidation test was employed to investigate the oxidation resistance of the composite coatings. The results revealed that the applied Al2O3/Au nano-laminated composite coatings improved the oxidation and spallation resistance of the stainless steel substrate significantly. The mechanism accounting for oxidation resistance was related with the suppression of inward oxygen diffusion and selective oxidation of Cr in the substrate. The mechanism accounting for spallation resistance was attributed to the relaxation of thermal stress by the nano-laminated structure.

硬盘的编码技术

在介绍硬盘的编码技术之前,我们先来看一下硬盘的写原理。写的过程,其实就是电信号变成磁信号的过程。硬盘控制器向驱动器输入电子信号,在写电路中,电子信号变成写电流。再经过磁头上的线圈,接着磁力线通过盘片上的可磁化层形成一个闭合回路并产生了磁场,这个磁场是和数据对应的,南极与北极分别表示0和1。磁场通过磁头上的磁化缝隙(Gap),把盘片磁化,即改变磁介质的方向(在硬盘低极格式化后,盘片上的磁介质按顺序排列,南极和北极都分別向着同一个方向)。这样,一个数据(0或1)就保存下来了。一旦磁性减弱,磁介质方向重新发生变化,就会出现数据错误或丢失。

Kodak的半数字化照相机

价格不贵的数字照相机会最终淘汰当今按键式胶片照相机。到那时,被称为Advanced Photo System(APS)的胶片格式和新式照相机将使数字摄影技术物超所值,日新月异,特别是对于PC用户意义非凡。 APS图象的质量远超过数字图象,并且价格极为便宜。最便宜的APS照相机(大约100美元)

Temperature dependence of magnetization reversal mechanism in CoNi/CoO bilayers

Exchange coupling and magfietization reversal mechanism in two series of CoxNil-x/CoO （30 nm） （x=0.2 and 0.4） bilayers are studied by vector magnetometer. Two components of magnetization are measured parallel and perpendicular to the applied field. At low temperatures, coercivity Hc oc （tFM）^-n, n = 1.5 and 1.38 for x = 0.2 and 0.4, respectively, in agreement with the random field model. At room temperature, the coercivity is nearly proportional to the inverse FM layer thickness. In addition to the exchange field and the coercivity, the characteristic of the magnetization reversal mechanism was found to change with temperature. At temperatures below 180 K, magnetization reversal process along the unidirectional axis is accompanied only by nucleation and pinning of domain wall while magnetization rotation is also involved at high temperatures.

Magnetization and coercivity in Co/Pt multilayers with constant total Co layer thickness

Co/Pt multilayers with perpendicular anisotropy were deposited using a dc magnetron sputtering system under high vacuum.Magnetization process was investigated by the measurement of magnetic components parallel and perpendicular to the applied field.A dependence of the coercivity of Co/Pt multilayers on the Co layer thickness was reported,in which the total thickness of Co layers kept constant.It is observed that the coercivity increases with the increment of Co layer thickness.For the samples with the same Co layer thickness while different total Co layer thickness,the coercivity first increases and then decreases with the increase of the total thickness of Co layers.This effect could be attributed to the competition between the reduction of HC related to incoherent reversal and the step-up of HC contributed by the magnetic polarization of Pt atoms at the interface of Co and Pt layers during magnetization reversal.The results show that the change of the coercivity is strongly related to the Co layer thickness,but not the total thickness of Co layers.The dependence of the coercivity on the angle between an applied field and the easy axis shows that the nucleation mode is dominant in magnetization reversal process of the samples.

A Theoretic Model for the Shock Observed in Geo-space

An electrostatic model for the shock observed in the earth's polar region is established by deriving the 'Sagdeev potential' from the magnetohydrodynamic equations in a cylindrical coordinate system. The results show that the shock can develop from the ion acoustic wave or ion cyclotron wave in the polar region, and can exist when the Mach number M and the initial electric field E-0 satisfy the condition of vertical bar(a/M-2-1)E(0)vertical bar = 1. Also, some features of the shock wave are discussed. The result can interpret the electrostatic shock observed in the earth's polar region.

Scirrhous hepatocellular carcinoma displaying atypical findings on imaging studies

We describe a 15-mm scirrhous hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） in a 60-year-old man with B-type cirrhosis. Ultrasound disclosed a 15-mm hypoechoic nodule in segment 7. Contrast-enhanced US revealed heterogeneous, not diffuse, hypervascularity in the early phase and a defect in the Kupffer phase.Contrast-enhanced computed tomography （CT） revealed a heterogeneous hypervascular nodule in the early phase and a low-density area in the late phase.Magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） revealed iso- to hypointensity at T1 and high intensity at T2-weighted sequences. Contrast-enhanced MRI also revealed a heterogeneous hypervascular nodule in the early phase and washout in the late phase. Super-paramagnetic iron oxide-MRI revealed a hvoerintense nodule. CT during hepatic arteriography and CT during arterial portography revealed heterogeneous hyperattenuation and a perfusion defect, respectively. Based on these imaging findings the nodule was diagnosed as a mixed well-differentiated and moderately-differentiated HCC.Histologically, the nodule was moderately-differentiated HCC characterized by typical cytological and structural atypia with dense fibrosis. Immunohistochemically,the nodule was positive for heterochromatin protein 1 and alpha-smooth muscle actin, and negative for cytokeratin 19. From the above findings, the nodule was diagnosed as scirrhous HCC. Clinicians engaged in hepatology should exercise caution with suspected scirrhous HCC when imaging studies reveal atypical findings, as shown in our case on the basis of chronic liver disease.

交换偏置系统中的反铁磁磁化与自旋波

采用自由能变分法研究了铁磁/反铁磁双层膜系统在反铁磁层存在净磁化下的自旋波谱.本模型中铁磁薄层具有单轴磁晶各向异性和立方磁晶各向异性,反铁磁层仅具有单轴磁晶各向异性,但厚度有限,推导出了系统铁磁共振频率的表达式.结果表明:系统的自旋波谱分光学模和声学模两种,其中光学模仅在反铁磁层存在净磁化时得到激发.自旋波谱可按外磁场强度的变化情况分为强弱两支;区分强磁场和弱磁场的临界场依赖于铁磁/反铁磁间的交换作用,反铁磁层的磁化强度以及反铁磁层的厚度等.交换偏置场对光学模的影响明显于声学模,而反铁磁的净磁化和其厚度对系统的影响紧密联系,难以区分.但当反铁磁层净磁化很小可忽略时,系统只存在声学模激发.

Intrinsic elastic conductors with internal buckled electron pathway for flexible electromagnetic interference shielding and tumor ablation

The elastic conductor is crucial in wearable electronics and soft robotics.The ideal intrinsic elastic bulk conductors show uniform three-dimensional conductive networks and stable resistance during large stretch.A challenge is that the variation of resistance is high under deformation due to disconnection of conductive pathway for bulk elastic conductors.Our strategy is to introduce buckled structure into the conductive network,by self-assembly of a carbon nanotube layer on the interconnecting micropore surface of a prestrained foam,followed by strain relaxation.Both unfolding of buckles and flattening of micropores contributed to the stability of the resistance under deformation(2.0%resistance variation under 70%strain).Microstructural analysis and finite element analysis illustrated different patterns of two-dimensional buckling structures could be obtained due to the imperfections in the conductive layer.Applications as all-directional interconnects,stretchable electromagnetic interference shielding and electrothermal tumor ablation were demonstrated.

Vector imaging of electric field-induced reversible magnetization reversal in exchange-biased multiferroic heterostructures

Exchange bias between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic layers has been widely utilized in spintronic devices.Controlling the exchange bias in magnetic multilayers by an electric field(E-field)has been proposed as a low-power solution for manipulating the macroscopic properties such as exchange bias fields and magnetization values,while how the magnetic domains respond to the E-fields has rarely been reported in an exchange-biased system.Here,we realize the vector imaging of reversible electrical modulation of magnetization reversal in exchange-biased CoFeB/IrMn/PMN-PT(011)multiferroic heterostructures,utilizing in-situ quantitative magneto-optical Kerr effect(MOKE)microscopy.Under the electrical control,magnetic domains at-80 Oe rotate reversibly between around 160°and 80°-120°,whose transverse components reverse from 225°to 45°correspondingly.Moreover,pixel-by-pixel comparisons are conducted to further imply the reversible magnetization reversal by E-fields.Efield-induced reversible magnetization reversal is also demonstrated without applying external magnetic fields.Vector imaging of electrical manipulation of exchange bias is of great significance in understanding the magnetoelectric effect and the development of next-generation spintronic devices.