水磷一体化对膜下滴灌棉花磷素有效性和磷肥利用率的影响

探究水肥一体化下磷肥种类和施用方式对棉花产量、磷素积累量、土壤磷素有效性和磷肥利用率的影响,以期为棉田优化磷肥施用方式提供理论依据和技术参考。田间试验于2021年在新疆昌吉州棉花主产区进行。试验设不施磷肥对照(CK)、基施重过磷酸钙(TSP)、基施磷酸一铵(MAP-B)、基施+滴施磷酸一铵(50%基施,25%+25%分别在蕾期和花铃前期)(MAP-D)、基施+滴施磷酸一铵(50%基施,25%+25%分别在蕾期和花铃前期)和聚谷氨酸(MAP-P)5个不同施肥处理,测定指标包括土壤有效磷、植株生物量、植株磷积累量和籽棉产量,并计算磷肥利用率。在棉花盛花期和盛铃期,磷肥滴施显著提高0~20 cm土层有效磷含量,0~5 cm土层尤为显著,MAP-P处理有效磷含量比CK处理分别提高136.27%和113.99%。TSP、MAP-B、MAP-D和MAP-P处理产量比CK处理分别提高17.65%、16.25%、19.37%和31.88%。棉花生育期内,磷肥滴施植株累积吸磷量高于基施,各处理植株累积吸磷量在盛铃期达最大,MAP-P处理植株累积吸磷量整体高于其余处理,在苗期、蕾期、盛花期和盛铃期比CK处理分别提高50.92%、55.38%、81.33%和84.69%。在等量施磷条件下,磷肥滴灌追施的磷肥利用率高于基施。MAP-P处理磷肥利用率、磷肥累积利用率、磷肥农学效率和磷肥偏生产力均高于其余处理,磷素表观平衡低于其余处理,磷肥利用率达33.94%,比TSP、MAP-B和MAP-D处理分别提高20.23%、25.28%和16.71%。水磷一体下,磷肥结合活化剂(聚谷氨酸)滴施显著提高土壤磷素有效性和棉花产量。MAP-P处理提高了棉花产量和磷肥利用率,减少了土壤磷素的盈余。

施磷对不同间作体系间作优势与磷肥利用的影响

为了探明施磷水平对不同间作体系产量间作优势和磷肥利用的影响,在河北曲周主要研究了施磷对玉米‖蚕豆、玉米‖大豆和玉米‖油菜3种间作体系土地当量比(LER)、磷吸收量、磷肥吸收效率和磷间作优势的影响。结果表明:玉米‖蚕豆的LER是1.24～1.31,玉米‖油菜的LER是1.20～1.24,玉米‖大豆的LER是1.11～1.15,均大于1,具有明显的间作优势;3个磷水平下,吸磷量表现为玉米‖大豆>玉米‖蚕豆>玉米‖油菜,除玉米‖油菜间作体系外,比单作玉米分别高21.5%%～40.2%和13.3%～22.9%,且均随着施磷量的增加而增加,但增加幅度降低;3种间作体系均具有明显的磷间作优势,除玉米‖大豆间作体系外,施磷后均降低;磷肥吸收效率除玉米‖蚕豆在施磷90kg/hm2外均低于单作玉米,并且随着施磷量的增加而降低。这表明,通过活化磷能力强的作物与玉米间作可以提高土壤难溶性磷的利用,玉米‖大豆和玉米‖蚕豆比玉米‖油菜效果好,适宜的施磷量为90kg/hm2。

干湿交替灌溉与施磷量耦合对水稻根系生长、产量与磷肥利用的影响

适宜的水分管理方式与磷肥用量是提高水稻产量及资源利用效率的关键。研究干湿交替灌溉与施磷量耦合对水稻根系生长、产量与磷肥利用效率的影响,以期为水稻高产高效栽培提供理论依据。2019—2020年,以‘徐稻3号’为供试材料,设置为水分与磷肥施用量二因素完全区组试验。水分管理为:0kPa(浅水层灌溉)、-20 kPa(轻度干湿交替灌溉)和-40 kPa(重度干湿交替灌溉);磷肥施用量(按P2O5计)分别为0、60、120和180 kg·hm^(-2),分别于分蘖盛期、幼穗分化始期、抽穗期、成熟期4个时期测定水稻根系形态生理,分析不同处理水稻产量及磷素利用效率的影响。本研究结果表明,干湿交替灌溉与施磷量之间存在一定的互作,轻度干湿交替灌溉与施磷量为120 kg·hm^(-2)耦合能够增加每穗粒数、结实率与千粒重,提高水稻产量及磷肥农学利用率。在相同水分管理下,水稻根长、根直径、根系活跃面积、根体积和根系氧化力随着施磷量增加先增加后降低,在施磷量为120 kg·hm^(-2)最高,与不施磷相比,平均增加54.49%、41.24%、67.91%、52.90%和41.53%;在相同施磷量下,轻度干湿交替灌溉提高水稻根长、根直径、根系活跃面积、根体积、根系氧化力,与保持浅水层相比,分别增加了22.62%、9.54%、25.61%、15.11%、29.85%,而重度干湿交替灌溉则显著降低根系形态生理指标。多元回归分析表明,抽穗期根长与根系氧化力与产量呈显著正相关。根系氧化力与磷肥农学利用率呈显著性正相关,根体积与磷肥农学利用率呈极显著负相关。轻度干湿交替灌溉与120 kg·hm^(-2)施磷量耦合时能够提高协调地下地上生长,改善籽粒灌浆,提高粒重,促进水稻高产与磷肥利用。

节水灌溉减施磷肥对黑土稻作产量及土壤磷利用与平衡的影响

为探寻节水灌溉减施磷肥对黑土稻作磷利用及土壤磷平衡的影响,于2020年和2021年开展大田试验,以常规淹灌+常规施磷肥(CK,45 kg/hm^(2))作对照,节水灌溉模式下设置5个磷肥施用梯度:0(CP0,不施磷肥)、18 kg/hm^(2)(CP1,减磷60%)、27 kg/hm^(2)(CP2,减磷40%)、36 kg/hm^(2)(CP3,减磷20%)、45 kg/hm^(2)(CP4,常规施磷)。分析节水灌溉模式下减施不同程度磷肥对稻田产量、地上部植株吸磷量和土壤剖面各土层有效磷含量的影响,并计算土壤磷素表观平衡量和磷肥利用率。结果表明:2020年水稻收获后节水灌溉减施磷肥各处理表层土壤有效磷含量均显著低于CK处理的土壤有效磷含量(P<0.05);2021年水稻收获后CP3处理表层土壤有效磷含量显著高于CK处理(P<0.05)。CP3处理2020年和2021年的地上部植株磷素积累量显著高于常规施肥CP4处理和CK处理,分别为14.64和15.86 kg/hm^(2)(P<0.05)。地上部植株各器官磷素积累量由大到小为籽粒、茎鞘、叶。与常规施肥相比,2 a年CP3处理均显著提高了磷肥的吸收利用效率、农学利用率,显著降低土壤磷素盈余量(P<0.05)。综合考虑,节水灌溉下减施常规磷肥用量20%为黑土区适宜的磷肥施用量,2 a均提高水稻产量和磷肥利用率,且土壤磷素盈余量低。研究可为黑土区磷肥施用提供理论依据。

施磷水平对胡麻干物质积累和磷吸收与利用的影响

为明确胡麻品种对磷肥梯度的响应,完善胡麻平衡施肥技术,以胡麻品种轮选2号和定亚22号为指示品种,在定西旱地梯田研究了不同磷肥水平(P2O5为0、45、90、135 kg/hm^2)对胡麻不同品种各器官干物质积累、籽粒产量以及磷肥农学利用率的影响。结果表明,在现蕾期,轮选2号施P2O5 135 kg/hm^2时茎、叶和蕾的干物质积累量均较高;而定亚22号施P2O5 45kg/hm^2时蕾的干物质积累量较高,但茎、叶的干物质积累量较低。在盛花期,轮选2号的中磷处理(施P2O5 90 kg/hm^2)、定亚22号的高磷处理(施P2O5 135 kg/hm^2)和低磷处理(施P2O5 45 kg/hm^2)均具有显著提高胡麻各器官干物质积累量的优势。成熟期,轮选2号施P2O5 90 kg/hm^2时有利于茎干物质量的积累,施磷水平对胡麻成熟期叶片干物质积累量影响不显著,高磷处理(施P2O5 135 kg/hm^2)抑制了胡麻蒴果干物质的积累。高磷处理和中磷处理对轮选2号和定亚22号的茎干物质转运量均具有促进作用,不施磷处理不利于茎干物质转运。定亚22号施P2O5 45 kg/hm^2时,茎秆磷含量在盛花期增加,而在成熟期降低,从而增加了茎秆的磷素转运量,显著提高了磷肥利用率,使胡麻籽粒产量提高。综合考虑干物质积累量、籽粒产量、磷肥农学利用率及环境污染等因素,适宜当地种植的胡麻品种为定亚22号,施磷(P2O5)量以45 kg/hm^2为宜。

Effects of Slow-release Fertilizer and Balanced Fertilization on Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Uptake in Peppers

Field plot experiment was conducted to study the effects of two slow-re- lease fertilizers and balanced fertilization on dry matter accumulation, yield, fertilizer use efficiency, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake of peppers at Jiangna Town, Yanshan County, Yunnan Province in 2011. The results showed that the dry matter accumulation in dried pepper plant, pepper yield, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium uptake in peppers were significantly increased in all the fertilizer treat- ments, compared with those in control （no fertilizer）. Compared with conventional fertilization, balanced fertilization, slow-release compound fertilizer and slow-release urea fertilizer significantly increased dried pepper economic output by 20.94%, 17.5% and 14.54%, nitrogen uptake in dried peppers by 21.53%,18.46% and 13.19%, phosphorus uptake in dried peppers by 14.08%, 15.76% and 10.44%, potassium uptake in dried peppers by 22.66%, 15.73% and 16.28%; they also in- creased nitrogen and potassium use efficiency, but reduced potassium use efficiency due to the increased potassium addition. In treatments with balanced fertilization, slow-release compound fertilizer and slow-release urea fertilizer, the nitrogen utiliza- tion was 5.84%, 7.14% and 8.33% higher and the phosphorus utilization was 3.32%, 3.27% and 2.47% higher than those in treatment with conventional fertiliza- tion. In addition, the nitrogen application could be reduced by 20%-50% by bal- anced fertilization and the two slow-release fertilizers, thereby reducing environmen- tal pollution. Slow-release fertilizers could also reduce the frequency of fertilization and labor costs.

Effects of Dairy Cattle Manure and Chemical Fertilizers on Fertility of Soils Grown with Cichorium intybus

[Objective] The aim was to explore recycling utilization of manure of dairy cattle through returning of manures into fields. [Method] Effects of dairy cattle ma- nure and chemical fertilizer on fertility of soils grown with Cichorium intybus were in- vestigated through a pot experiment. [Result] After manure of dairy cattle was ap- plied, it can be concluded that organic matter, total N, total P, alkali-hydrolyzable ni- trogen, available P, activities of urease and invertase in soils increased by 0.14-1.28 times, 43.8%-79.7%, 17.4%-30.8%, 147%-188%, 7 times, 17.2%-38.5%, and 1.36%- 3.34%, respectively. Furthermore, organic matter, total N. urease and invertase activi- ties in group of M7F3 increased most; total P and available P achieved the best in group of M3F7. These indicated that the applied manures of dairy cattle would maintain and improve soil fertility, providing better soils for Cichorium intybus. [Conclusion] The research provides reference for recycling of cattle manures and construction of ecological cyclical pattern of ＂grass planting-cattle breeding-methane fermentation-returning of manures into fields＂.

Effect of Organic Manure on Phosphorus Adsorption－Desorption and Availability in Paddy Soil Derived from Red Earth

A field test with the traditional rotation of paddy rice/upland crop (wheat) was carried out on a paddysoil derived from red earth to elucidate the effect of organic manure on the phosphorus adsorption-desorptionby soil and its P availability Soil samples were taken from different treatments at rice harvesting stage andanalysed. The isothermal adsorption of P by the samples fitted very well with Langmuir equation, and hence,the parameters in the equation, i.e., maximum adsoaption (qm), constant related to bonding energy (k) andtheir product (k x qm) could be used as a comprehensive index to characterize the potential P adsorptivityof the soil.Organo-inorganic fertilization and organic manuring conld decrease qm and k, while mineral P appli-cation had little effect on them. The isothermal desorption of P was significantly correlated with initiallyadded and isothermally adsorbed P. Part of P added was fixed, which represented the P fixation capacityof soil, and organic manuring could obviously lower the P fixation. The content of soil available P had asignificant negative correlation with qm, k and fixed P. It is concluded that organic manure could increase theP availability of paddy soil derived from red earth by decreasing qm, k, maximum buffering capacity (MBC=k x qm) and fixation capacity.

Phosphorus Use Efficiency of Bio-Based Fertilizers:Bioavailability and Fractionation

Although to date some technologies producing bio-based phosphorus(P) fertilizers have been proposed and implemented, the efficient use of the recovered products is still limited due to legislative constraints and lack of insights in the P release with time and in the corresponding mechanisms. The aim of this work was to evaluate the fertilizer performance in terms of P release and use efficiency of recovered struvite, FePO_4-sludge, digestate, and animal manure as compared to fossil reserve-based mineral triple superphosphate(TSP). First, product physicochemical characteristics and P fractions in the context of European fertilizer legislation were assessed. Next, a controlled greenhouse experiment was set up to evaluate plant reactions as well as changes of P availability in a sandy soil with high P status and a Rheinsand soil with low P status. Soil P fractions were determined in the extracts with water, ammonium lactate and CaCl_2, and in soil solution sampled with Rhizon soil moisture samplers. Based on all results, it is worth conducting long-term field trials to evaluate the P release effect of struvite and digestate as compared to animal manure and TSP on different soil types with varying P status. These products showed promise as sustainable substitutes for conventional P fertilizers and could contribute to a more efficient use of P in agriculture. A refined classification of P application standards/recommendations in terms of soil P status, soil texture, and fertilizer characteristics, next to the crop P demand, is recommended. Moreover, the additional use of Rhizon samplers for determination of direct available P, including dissolved organic P, is proposed for better understanding and categorization of different P fertilizers in environmental and fertilizer legislations.