黄土旱塬黑垆土长期肥料试验土壤磷素和磷肥效率的演变特征

依托甘肃平凉定位试验(1979年—),分析长期不同施肥下土壤磷素和磷肥效率的演变特征,为黄土旱塬雨养农田合理施用磷肥提供参考。试验包括6个处理:不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷配合(NP)、秸秆还田加氮和隔年施磷(SNP)、单施农家肥(M)和农家肥加氮磷(MNP),种植制度为4年冬小麦-2年春玉米的一年1熟轮作制。结果表明,试验进行38年后,长期无磷投入(CK、N)处理耕层土壤全磷和Olsen-P含量及磷活化系数比试验开始时下降,而施磷处理(NP、SNP、M和MNP)土壤全磷分别增加22.8%、14.0%、38.6%和56.1%,Olsen-P相应提高99.1%、48.4%、206.4%和375.6%,磷活化系数分别是开始时的1.7倍、1.3倍、2.2倍和3.1倍。随试验年限延长,CK处理耕层土壤全磷基本不变;N和SNP耕层土壤全磷呈下降趋势,每年下降速率为1.9 mg·kg^(-1)和2.6 mg·kg^(-1);NP、M和MNP处理呈增加趋势,每年增加速率分别为1.2 mg·kg^(-1)、1.9 mg·kg^(-1)和2.8 mg·kg^(-1)。CK和N处理Olsen-P呈下降趋势,年下降速率分别为0.03 mg·kg^(-1)和0.09 mg·kg^(-1);NP、SNP、M和MNP处理土壤Olsen-P呈增加趋势,年增量分别为0.29 mg·kg^(-1)、0.24 mg·kg^(-1)、0.46 mg·kg^(-1)和0.89 mg·kg^(-1)。作物产量与耕层土壤Olsen-P含量呈极显著正相关(小麦R^2=0.116 9,n=132;玉米R^2=0.332 4,n=54)。施磷处理(NP、SNP、M和MNP)玉米的磷肥回收率、利用率和农学效率大于小麦,而生理效率小麦大于玉米;各处理磷肥效率4个指标的大小顺序均为SNP>NP>MNP>M,玉米磷肥效率的4个指标都随试验年限延长而提高。M较MNP处理P投入减少了14.2%,小麦、玉米磷素效率降低14.3%~69.5%、0.8%~75.5%。总之,有机无机结合是黄土旱塬区培肥地力、提高作物产量和资源利用效率的施肥措施。

Biochar and Compost Increase Crop Yields but the Effect is Short Term on Sandplain Soils of Western Australia

Sandplain soils on the south coast of Western Australia have low inherent fertility, which is mainly due to poor nutrient retention caused by insufficient clay and organic colloidal material. Previous research has shown the benefits in nutrient levels and retention from adding clay to sandplain soils; however, there is almost no information on the addition of organic amendments. A field experiment was established at the Esperance Downs Research Station, Western Australian, in May 2010, to assess the effects of wheat straw(WS) and chicken manure(CM) biochars and compost with and without phosphorus(P) addition on soil properties and crop production over five growing seasons. The five seasons alternated between winter and summer crops. The CM and WS biochar and compost treatments significantly increased crop yields and P uptake in 3, 2 and 1 of the five seasons, respectively. The yield increases(P < 0.05) were no more than 8%. By the end of the third season, no differences in crop yields were found that could be attributed to the organic amendments. The addition of P increased crop yields in each winter cropping season. Phosphorus addition explained more than 30%of the variation in crop yields. Despite marginal P levels and summer drought conditions, arbuscular mycorrhizal root colonisation was not affected by the organic amendments. There were no significant interactions between the organic amendments and P addition in terms of crop yields, P uptake or P uptake efficiency. We conclude that much of the effect of the organic amendments was due to direct nutrient addition which dissipated over time.