氮肥、磷肥、钾肥对祁白芷生理指标和药效成分的影响

本试验旨在研究氮肥、磷肥、钾肥对祁白芷生理指标和药效成分的影响。试验结果表明,氮肥有利于祁白芷中可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和淀粉的合成及积累,对药效成分香豆素的影响不明显;磷肥有利于可溶性糖和香豆素的合成及积累,不利于淀粉在根中的合成及积累;钾肥最有利于增加香豆素的合成和积累,也有利于可溶性糖和淀粉的积累;各生理指标和药效成分积累的主要作用时期为收获前25d。综合考虑各因素,祁白芷施用基肥时,应多施钾肥、适当少施磷肥、合理施用氮肥;在收获前25d左右进行追肥,主要追施钾肥,不宜追施磷肥。

氮磷钾肥配施对生姜增产作用的试验

姜是湖州地区著名经济特产，种植历史悠久。通过合理施用氮磷钾肥，具有促进地上部和根系，以及增大根状茎的作用。

氮磷钾配施对苏北沿海地区小麦产量形成的影响

[目的]为了明确江苏沿海地区NPK配施对小麦产量形成的影响,进而制定适合江苏沿海地区主要土壤类型和小麦种植的肥料基础配方。[方法]以江苏大面积种植品种春性小麦扬麦18为试材,通过田间试验和实验室分析,研究不同N肥、P肥、K肥配比施肥对小麦干物质积累、产量及构成的调控效应。[结果]不同NPK肥施肥水平对扬麦18产量均有显著的调节作用。在试验条件下,处理⑥(N2P2K2)产量最高,其次为处理⑦(N2P3K2),处理①(N0P0K0)产量最低。在促进小麦生长发育的N、P、K这3种营养元素中,N肥的增产效果最为明显。但是,当N肥的施用量超过一定的水平时,小麦产量则出现下降趋势,其中,处理N3P2K2的小麦产量比处理N2P2K2低498 kg/hm2。PK肥对小麦产量的效应也表现出相同的趋势。[结论]处理N2P2K2既能满足小麦对肥料的需求,又不使其异常生长,从而有利于增强植物的光合特性,提高灌浆强度。

Effects of Slow-release Fertilizer and Balanced Fertilization on Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Uptake in Peppers

Field plot experiment was conducted to study the effects of two slow-re- lease fertilizers and balanced fertilization on dry matter accumulation, yield, fertilizer use efficiency, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake of peppers at Jiangna Town, Yanshan County, Yunnan Province in 2011. The results showed that the dry matter accumulation in dried pepper plant, pepper yield, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium uptake in peppers were significantly increased in all the fertilizer treat- ments, compared with those in control （no fertilizer）. Compared with conventional fertilization, balanced fertilization, slow-release compound fertilizer and slow-release urea fertilizer significantly increased dried pepper economic output by 20.94%, 17.5% and 14.54%, nitrogen uptake in dried peppers by 21.53%,18.46% and 13.19%, phosphorus uptake in dried peppers by 14.08%, 15.76% and 10.44%, potassium uptake in dried peppers by 22.66%, 15.73% and 16.28%; they also in- creased nitrogen and potassium use efficiency, but reduced potassium use efficiency due to the increased potassium addition. In treatments with balanced fertilization, slow-release compound fertilizer and slow-release urea fertilizer, the nitrogen utiliza- tion was 5.84%, 7.14% and 8.33% higher and the phosphorus utilization was 3.32%, 3.27% and 2.47% higher than those in treatment with conventional fertiliza- tion. In addition, the nitrogen application could be reduced by 20%-50% by bal- anced fertilization and the two slow-release fertilizers, thereby reducing environmen- tal pollution. Slow-release fertilizers could also reduce the frequency of fertilization and labor costs.

油茶叶斑病及其防治法

常见的油茶叶斑病有三种: 1.炭疽病:病斑近于圆形(发生在叶边缘的形状多不规则),边缘有明显的褐色隆起带条。病斑上有许多黑色小点,这是病菌的子实体。 2.叶斑病:病斑不规则,自叶的边缘或尖端发生。赤褐色,并间杂有灰白色花斑,病斑与健康部无明显界限。

施用不同配比肥料对番木瓜产量与品质的影响

为探讨不同氮磷钾配合施肥对海南地区番木瓜产量和品质的影响,在海南儋州地区进行了氮磷钾不同配比施肥试验。结果表明：施肥可增加番木瓜的产量,不同氮磷钾的施肥组合有不同的增产效果,增产率变化在25.30%-69.08%之间。其中氮的增产效果最好,磷肥次之,钾肥最差。结合氮、磷、钾各水平的增产情况和经济效益分析,认为N 340 g/株、P2O5470 g/株和K2O 340 g/株为番木瓜高产的推荐配方。番木瓜不同品质指标对氮磷钾不同水平组合的响应不同。施肥显著增加单果重,增幅在5.92%-23.64%之间。钾对单果重的贡献优于磷,氮最差。尽管施肥没有造成番木瓜大多品质指标上的显著差异,但从各品质指标与各元素水平之间的变化趋势关系上给出施肥建议是,番木瓜要维持较高品质,必须慎施氮肥,多施磷、钾肥。结合经济效益和环保因素,从理论上N 210 g/株、P2O5210 g/株和K2O 340 g/株为番木瓜优质的推荐配方。

Effect of Different Fertilization Practices on Yield of a Wheat-Maize Rotation and Soil Fertility

A 15-year field experiment was carried out in Henan Province, China, to study the effects of different fertilization practices on yield of a wheat-maize rotation. Fertilizers tested contained N alone (N), N plus P (NP) or plus P and K (NPK), all with or without manure (M). Different long-term fertilization practices affected the yields under the rotation system of wheat and maize differently and the effects on yields was in a general trend of MNPK＞MNP＞MN＞NPK＞NP＞M＞N＞the control. The average contribution rate of soil fertility to the highest yield was 37.9%, and the rest 62.1% came from fertilizer applications. The yield effects of the chemical fertilizers were in the order of N＞P＞K and were increased by application of manure.Balanced fertilization with multielement chemical fertilizers and manure can be effective in maintaining growth in agricultural production. Combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic manure also increased the content of soil organic matter.

Dynamics of Microbial Biomass in a Rainfed Soil Under Wheat Cultivation

A pot experiment was conducted to determine the dynamics of soil microbial biomass in a rainfed soil under wheat cultivation at the University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The treatments applied were: 1) a control (CK), 2) NPK (0.44-0.26-0.18 g pot-1), 3) farmyard manure (FYM, 110 g pot-1), 4)poultry manure (PM, 110 g pot-1), 5) FYM (110 g pot-1) + NPK (0.44-0.26-0.18 g pot-1), 6) poultry manure (PM, 110 g pot-1) + NPK (0.44-0.26-0.18 g pot-1), 7) FYM (110 g pot-1) + NPK(S) (0.44-0.26-0.18 g pot-1, one half of the NPK at sowing and the other half one month after sowing), and 8) PM (110 g pot-1) + NPK(S) (0.44-0.26-0.18 g pot-1, one half of the NPK applied at sowing and the other half one month after sowing). The experiment was laid out using a completely randomized design with three replications. Microbial biomass C, N and P contents increased continuously from the beginning of the experiment up to the three-leaf stage. A slight decline was observed at the tillering stage in all treatments except with the organic manures + NPK(S) treatments. After tillering there was an increase in all treatments to the recorded maximum point at the full heading stage in all treatments except with the organic manures + NPK(S) treatments. In the FYM + NPK(S) and PM + NPK(S) treatments; however, there was a continuous increase in microbial biomass up to the heading stage. At the harvesting stage a sharp decline was noted in all treatments. The C:N ratio of microbial biomass in tested soil ranged from 7.8 to 11.3, while C:P ratio of microbial biomass in the tested soil ranged from 22.6 to 35.1 throughout all growth stages of the wheat crop.

Genotypic Differences of Forage Crop Tolerance to Acid Soils

Twenty eight species of forage crops were planted on acid soils derived from Quaternary red clay (pH 4.16)and red sandstone (pH 4.55) to study genotypic differences of the forage crops in tolerance to acid soils as affected by liming, phosporus and potassium fertilizer application. Eight forage species, Lolium multiflorum L., Brachiaria decumbens, Digitaria sumtisii, Melinis minutiflora, Paspalum dilatatum, Paspalum wettsteinii,Sataria viridis Beanv and Shcep’s Festuca, were highly tolerant to acid soils, and grew relatively well in the tested soils without lime application, whereas most of the other 20 tested forage species such as Lolium perenne L., Meadow Festuca and Trifolium pratense L. were intolerant to acid soils, showing retarded growth when the soil pH was below 5.5 and significant increase in dry matter yields by phosphrus fertilizer application at soil pH 6.0. Results showed that large differences in tolerance to acid soils existed among the forage species,and tolerance of the forage species to acid soils might be closely associated with their tolerance to Al and P efficiency.

Influence of Potassium Fertilization on Yield and Quality of Foliar Vegetable Crops

Over a period of two years , field experiments were conducted on four silty loam soils grown with foliar vegetable crops including Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis Rupr., cv. Lu-Bai 3), autumn greens (B. chinensis L., cv. Piao-Geng-Bai), winter greens (B. var. rosularis Tsen et Lee, cv. You-Dong-Er), and summer greens (B. chinensis L., cv. Zao-Shu 5), respectively. Each experiment included one CK treatment without K, N and P fertilizers applied, and four treatments with from low to high doses, 0-300 kg hm-2 for Chinese cabbage, 0-150 kg hm-2 for autumn and winter greens and 0-180 kg hm-2 for summer greens, of K fertilizers in the form of sulfate of potash (SOP) applied together with N and P fertilizers. One treatment of K fertilizer in the form of muriate of potash (MOP) applied at high levels (150 or 180 kg hm-2) together with N and P fertilizers was included in the experiments of autumn, winter and summer greens , respectively, in order to compare the effects of SOP and MOP. The market yields of the tested crops increased significantly with the increasing rate of K application. The crops supplied with K fertilizers yielded more stably as the CV% of their yields decreased with the rate of K application. K fertilization increased not only K contents but also the amounts of N, P and K absorbed in shoots of autumn, winter and summer greens, which were statistically significantly correlated to their yields. It can also be found that potassium improved the quality of the foliar vegetable crops as their dry mater contents were generally increased and Vc contents obviously increased and nitrate contents markedly decreased. As compared to MOP, SOP was more effective on the yields and quality of autumn, winter and summer greens at the high levels of fertilization.

2010～2011年度中国化肥市场回顾与展望

全面分析回顾2010年中国化肥市场政策、价格走势等,介绍化肥各子行业(氮磷钾以及复合肥等)的景气度、利润、产量、进出口以及消费情况,结合国民经济运行状况和政策调整情况,对2011年中国化肥市场走势进行较为深入的分析和预测。

水稻肥料利用率田间试验

通过多点田间氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的对比试验,摸清在优化栽培管理条件下,水稻作物氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的利用率现状,该试验表明氮肥的利用率为40.1%,磷肥的利用率为13.3,钾肥的利用率为56.5%。

The Enhancement of Melon Fruit Quality by Application of the Fertilizer and Gibberellin

Generally, the diameter of organic melon fruit relatively short （the fruit is small）, weight of fruit just as big as 1.25-1.49 kg only, while weight of inorganic melon fruit can reach 2-3 kg. The research was conducted by experiment method with the aim to enhance quality of the organic melon fruit. Experiment I is： N, P and K fertilizer solution concentration as main plot （0, 20, 30, and 40 g L^-1） and dose of cow manure fertilizer as sub plot （0, 10, 15, and 20 ton hal） （there are 16 treatment combinations）. Experiment II is kinds of dung as main plot （chicken, cow, and goat） and dose of fertilizer as sub plot （20, 25, and 30 ton hat） （there are 9 treatment combinations）. Experiment III is dose of cow manure fertilizer as main plot （15, 20, 25, and 30 ton hal） and gibberellins concentration as sub plot （0, 30, 60, and 120 ppm） and （there are 16 treatment combinations）. Each of the treatment combination replicated 3 times. The result showed that chicken, cow, and goats manure can be used in organic cultivation of melons, and cow manure has the highest potential. The role of the dose is relatively low in plant growth, but to improve the quality of fruit need dose of 10-15 tons hat. The addition of inorganic NPK fertilizer solution or use of gibberellins can increase growth and fruit quality of melon （the used of gibberellins are recommended）.

Effect of Enriched Cattle Manure on Soil Nutrient Status, Nitrogen Uptake and Yield of Tea （Camellia sinensis）

Inorganic fertilizer NPK （nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium） （S） 25：5：5：5 is generally recommended for optimum yield and quality of tea （Camellia sinensis）. Non-judicious use of this inorganic fertilizer however acidifies the soils and pollutes the environment. Integrated soil fertility management （ISFM） which involves the combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizer is recommended for improved crop yield and soil health. An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of enriching cattle manure with different ratios of inorganic fertilizers （OM： NPKS at ratios 1：2 and 1：4）, and rates on soil nutrient status, nitrogen uptake and yield of tea in the east of Rift Valley, Kenya. Enriching manures and organic manure up to a rate of 150 kg N/ha increased the level of P mature leaf. A higher N and K level in the mature leaf was observed when NPKS was applied at higher rates. In the soil, fertilizer rate up to 150 kg N/ha showed higher pH and K where organic manure and enriched manures were applied while NPKS treatment showed higher P content throughout the soil depths. Enriching organic manures with inorganic fertilizers increased yield significantly.

Effect of Nutrient Type on Chemical Composition and Dry Matter Partitioning of Cassava （Manihot esculenta Crantz）

The objective of our study was to determine the effects of four types of fertilisers enrichments （manure potassic （K）, phosphatic （P）, phosphatic and potassic （PK） and nitrogenized, phosphated and potassic （NPK）） on chemical composition and dry matter in cassava （Manihot esculenta） organs （clone 1171） during harvest period. The pots experiment was laid out in randomised complete bloc design with five treatments and four replications. Water, nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, total proteins and total lipids contents of the leaves, shoots and tubers were determined. After 9 months growing period, results showed that fertilizer types enriched with K, PK and NPK significantly increased the organic compounds contents of the leaves （P〈0.05）. Furthermore, fertilizers with high phosphorus content significantly increased the lipid contents of the leaves （25%）. Fertilizers enriched with NPK positively influenced the biomass partitioning in Manihot esculenta. Application of fertilizers enriched with NPK led to higher levels of total proteins in the leaves and tubers （70 mg g DM^-1 and 30 mg g DM^-1 respectively） compared to control （17 mg g DM^-1 and 9 mg g DM^-1 respectively）. These results help to demonstrate the value of these fertilizers enrichment to improve the chemical composition and dry matter partitioning of cassava.

怎样延长一品红花期

采取下列技术措施，能够使一品红花期从“冬至”延续到第二年“春分”，长达3个多月，比自然状态下延长1个多月，并且苞叶红艳，色泽美丽，不易凋萎，寿命长。

Influence of Long-Term Fertilization on Selenium Accumulation in Soil and Uptake by Crops

Continuous applications of organic and inorganic fertilizers can affect soil and food quality with respect to selenium （Se） concen- trations. A long-term （over 20 years） experimental field study, started in 1989, was conducted to investigate the changes in soil Se fractions and its uptake by crops, as affected by different fertilizer practices, in the North China Plain with an annual crop rotation of winter wheat and summer maize. The long-term experiment was arranged in a complete randomized block design consisting of 4 replications with 7 fertilizer treatments： 1） organic compost （OC）, 2） half organic compost plus half N-P-K chemical fertilizers （OC ＋ NPK）, 3） N-P-K fertilizers （NPK）, 4） N-P fertilizers （NP）, 5） P-K fertilizers （PK）, 6） N-K fertilizers （NK）, and 7） an un-amended control. Soil samples from the surface （20 cm） were collected in 1989, 1994, 1999, 2004 and 2009 to characterize Se and other soil properties. In 2009, the average soil Se concentrations in the treatments （149 ± 8 beg kg-1） were higher than those in the soil samples collected in 1989 at the beginning of the experiment （112 4- 4 beg kg-1）, and decreased in the order of OC 〉 OC ＋ NPK 〉 NPK NP 〉 PK NK 〉 control. Sequential extraction showed the oxidizable fraction （50.06%± 3.94%） was the dominant form of Se in the soil, followed by the residual fraction （24.12% ± 2.89%）, exchangeable fraction （15.09% ± 4.34%） and Fe-Mn oxides fraction （10.73%±4.04%）. With an increase of soil K, the exchangeable Se concentrations in the soil increased. The Se concentrations in the soil tillage layer （0-20 cm） were mainly related to soil organic carbon （SOC）, although different contributions came from atmospheric deposition, irrigation and fertilizers. With the accumulation of SOC, the uptakes of soil Se by two crops were inhibited. For the OC and OC ＋ NPK treatments, Se concentrations in wheat grains were lower than the critical standard of Se in stable food （100 μg kg·1]. Additionallv. Se concentrations in grains were also decreased by the deficiencies of major soil nutrients, especially P.

Effect of Long-Term Fertilization on Soil Productivity on the North China Plain

Soil productivity is the ability of a soil, in its normal environment, to support plant growth and can be evaluated with respect to crop production in unfertilized soil within the agricultural ecosystem. Both soil productivity and fertilizer applications affect crop yields. A long-term experiment with a winter wheat-summer maize rotation was established in 1989 in a field of the Fengqiu State Key Agro-Ecological Experimental Station, a region typical of the North China Plain, including seven treatments： 1） a balanced application of NPK chemical fertilizers （NPK）; 2） application of organic fertilizer （OM）; 3） application of 50% organic fertilizer and 50% NPK chemical fertilizers （1/2OMN）; 4） application of NP chemical fertilizers （NP）; 5） application of PK chemical fertilizer （PK）; 6） application of NK chemical fertilizers （NK）; and 7） unfertilized control （CK）. To investigate the effects of fertilization practices on soil productivity, further pot tests were conducted in 2007-2008 using soil samples from the different fertilization treatments of the long-term field experiment. The soil sample of each treatment of the long-term experiment was divided into three pots to grow wheat： with no fertilization （Potunf）, with balanced NPK fertilization （POtNPK）, and with the same fertilizer（s） of the long-term field experiment （Potori）. The fertilized soils of the field experiment used in all the pot tests showed a higher wheat grain yield and higher nutrient uptake levels than the unfertilized soil. Soil productivity of the treatments of the field experiment after 18 years of continuous fertilizer applications were ranked in the order of OM 〉 1/2OMN 〉 NPK 〉 NP 〉 PK 〉 NK 〉 CK. The contribution of soil productivity of the different treatments of the field experiment to the wheat grain yield of Potori was 36.0%-76.7%, with the PK and NK treatments being higher than the OM, 1/2OMN, NPK, and NP treatments since the soil in this area was deficient in N and P and rich in K. Wheat grain yields of PotNPK were higher than those of Potori and Potunf. The N, P, and K use efficiencies were higher in POtNPK than Potori and significantly positively correlated with wheat grain yield. Soil organic matter could be a better predictor of soil productivity because it correlated more strongly than other nutrients with the wheat grain yield of Potuf. Wheat yields of POtNPK showed a similar trend to those of Potunf, indicating that soil productivity improvement was essential for a further increase in crop yield. The long-term applications of both organic and chemical fertilizers were capable of increasing soil productivity on the North China Plain, but the former was more effective than the latter. The balanced application of NPK chemical fertilizers not only increased soil productivity, but also largely increased crop yields, especially in soils with lower productivity. Thus, such an approach should be a feasible practice for the sustainable use of agricultural soils on the North China Plain, particularly when taking into account crop yields, labor costs, and the limited availability of organic fertilizers.

新形势下全球化肥市场面临挑战及应对建议

乌克兰危机以来,原油、粮食等国际大宗商品价格均出现大幅上涨,进一步推高了对粮食增产有显著作用的化肥价格。俄罗斯是全球最大化肥供应国,尿素出口量位居全球首位,钾肥和磷肥出口量均居全球第二位。我国是世界上主要尿素和磷肥出口国,也是最大钾肥进口国之一(2021年进口量为757万吨)。自2021年11月起,我国尿素出口受法检制约,出口量下降约60%,存在整库风险;俄乌冲突后,进口钾肥的运输/结算难度大幅增加,国内钾肥供应面临较大风险。建议适当放开国内尿素出口,在保障稳价供应基础上,争取多出口创效;二是稳定钾肥采购渠道,努力获取俄罗斯等国钾肥产品,保证国内供应稳定。