Matter Composition and Two Stage Evolution of a Liangshan Super High-Sulfur Coal Seam in Kaili,Eastern Guizhou

Super-high sulfur coal resultes in serious coal-derived pollution but might have a particular genesis. Thus,a columnar section of an Early Permian Liangshan Formation coal seam. weight average sulfur content 5.80%,from Kaili,eastern Guizhou,was studied using the methods of coal petrology and geochemistry. The results show that the seam was apparently formed in seawater-effected peat bogs that developed in two distinct stages. During the first stage various layers were formed in a supratidal bog and have a composition characteristic of a bog with a gradually decreasing sea-water effect,decreasing water dynamics,and an increasingly reductive environment. Layers in the upper seam formed during a second stage in an intertidal bog. These layers are very high in total and inorganic sulfur,the ratios of or-ganic/inorganic sulfur and V/I drop,they are high in coal ash yield and have a high ash component index,considerable barkinite,oxidized and detrital macerals,have a porphyroclatic micro-structure and are rich in pyrite,all of which indi-cate the coal-forming environment had higher oxidation potential,strong and roiling water dynamics,and intermittent exposure to a sulfur rich environment.

Proton-Exchange Sulfonated Poly （ether ether ketone） （SPEEK）/SiOx-S Composite Membranes in Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

A sulfonated poly（ether ether ketone） （SPEEK） membrane with a fairly high degree of sulfonation （DS） can swell excessively and even dissolve at high temperature. To solve these problems, insolvable functionalized silica powder with sulfonic acid groups （SiOx-S） was added into the SPEEK matrix （DS = 55.1%） to prepare SPEEK/ SiOx-S composite membranes. The decrease in both the swelling degree and the methanol permeability of the membranes was a dose-dependent result of addition of the SiOx-S powder. Pure SPEEK membrane swelled 52.6% at 80℃, whereas the SPEEK/SiOx-S （15%, by mass） membrane swelled only 27.3% at the same temperature. From room temperature to 80℃, all SPEEK/SPEEK/SiOx-S composite membranes had methanol permeability of about one order of magnitude lower than that ofNafion115. Compared with pure SPEEK membranes, the addition of the SiOx-S powder not only leads to higher proton conductivity, but also increases the dimensional stability at higher temperatures, and greater proton conductivity can be achieved at higher temperature. The SPEEK/SiO4-S （20%, by mass） membrane could withstand temperature up to 145℃, at which in 100% relative humidity （RH） its proton conductivity exceeded slightly that of Nafion 1 15 membrane and reached 0.17 S·cm^-1, while pure SPEEK membrane dissolved at 90℃. The SPEEK/SiOx-S composite membranes are promising for use in direct methanol fuel cells because of their good dimensional stability, high proton conductivity, and low methanol permeability.

Preparation and Performance of Overbased Complex Sulphonates

Overbased complex sulphonates containing two metals -- sodium and magnesium -- were prepared by using overbased magnesium sulphonate as the starting material. Borated overbased complex sulphonate containing two metals was synthesized by reaction of boric acid with the corresponding sulphonate. The total base number （TBN） of overbased complex sulphonates decreased compared with that of magnesium sulphonate, while TBN of borated overbased complex sulphonate further decreased. The detergency, anti-oxidation and extreme pressure performances of overbased complex sulphonates were improved compared with those of overbased magnesium sulphonate; the anti-oxidation and extreme pressure performances of borated overbased complex sulphonates were further improved whereas its detergency was reduced.

The effects of sotalol on ventricular repolarization during exercise

Objective: Although after pacing animal and human studies have demonstrated a rate-dependent effect of sotalol on ventricular repolarization, there is little information on the effects of sotalol on ventricular repolarization during exercise. This study attempted to show the effects of sotalol on ventricular repolarization during physiological exercise. Methods: Thirty-one healthy volunteers (18 males, 13 females) were enrolled in the study. Each performed a maximal treadmill exercise test according to the Bruce protocol after random treatment with sotalol, propranolol and placebo. Results: Sotalol significantly prolonged QTc (corrected QT) and JTc (corrected JT) intervals at rest compared with propranolol (QTc 324.86 ms vs 305.21 ms, P<0.001; JTc 245.04 ms vs 224.17 ms, P<0.001) and placebo (QTc 324.86 ms vs 314.06 ms, P<0.01; JTc 245.04 ms vs. 232.69 ms, P<0.001). The JTc percent reduction increased progressively with each stage of exercise and correlated positively with exercise heart rate (r=0.148, P<0.01). The JTc percent reduction correlation with exercise heart rate did not exist with either propranolol or placebo. Conclusions: These results imply that with sotalol ventricular repolarization is progressively shortened after exercise. Thus the specific class III antiarrhythmic activity of sotalol, present as delay of ventricular repolarization, may be attenuated during exercise. Such findings may imply the need to consider other antiarrythmic therapy during periods of stress-induced tachycardia.

Dynamics of liquid-phase catalytic oxidation of hydrogen sulfide removal in rural biogas

Hydrogen sulfide in rural biogas was removed with liquid-phase catalytic oxidation.By using rare earth as catalyst,and sulfosalicylic acid as stabilizer,H2S purification efficiency could increase as high as 96%,and sulfur capacity of the composite solution was about 3 g/L.The results show that purification efficiency was affected by catalyst addition,pH,experimental temperature,and sulfur capacity.The parameters effects on catalytic oxidation were studied,and the optimized conditions were that Fe3+ concentration 0.08 mg/L,reaction temperature 70°C,pH 9.0,with a absorption solution volume of 50 mL,a gas flow rate 200 mL/min,and H2S mass concentration of 1.58-2.02 mg/m3.

Sulfonated polyaniline/vanadate composite as anode material and its electrochemical property in microbial fuel cells on ocean floor

A unique sulfonated polyaniline/vanadate composite was synthesized and utilized as a composite anode in microbial fuel cells on ocean floor (BMFCs). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were employed to characterize its chemical composition and morphology. Wettability of the composite anodes decreases due to the addition of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The electrochemical behavior of the composite anodes was investigated by means of linear sweep voltammetry and Tafel plot measurements. Compared with the plain graphite anode,the composite anode significantly improves the power density,5.5-fold higher,reaching 187.1 mW/m2 and gives a 27-fold higher exchange current density and a higher kinetic activity. A novel synergistic mechanism between sulfonated polyaniline and vanadate is proposed to explain the excellent electrochemical performance. This composite thus has great potential to be used as an anode material for a high-power BMFC.