At an accelerating development pace, Hicro-Nano Satellite technology has become one of the most ac- tive research topics in the current aerospace field. Its applications have been extended from engineering education a...At an accelerating development pace, Hicro-Nano Satellite technology has become one of the most ac- tive research topics in the current aerospace field. Its applications have been extended from engineering education and technology demonstration into various other fields, such as communication, remote sensing, navigation and scientific experiments just to name a few, In this paper issues raised on Micro/Nano-Satellites in recent news are reviewed and the opportunities and challenges confronting Micro/Nano-Satellites are analyzed. Then the Plicro/nano-Satellites of Na- tional University of Defense Technology, （NUDT） are briefly introduced. Finally, some suggestions on the development of Micro/Nano-Satellites in the future are proposed.展开更多
This paper describes and analyzes Martin Luther＇s views on marriage and family primarily from his own writings. Luther elevated marriage and family life to a place of respect and honor in the church and society at a ...This paper describes and analyzes Martin Luther＇s views on marriage and family primarily from his own writings. Luther elevated marriage and family life to a place of respect and honor in the church and society at a time when singleness and celibacy were celebrated as ways of reaching a higher state of spirituality. Martin Luther＇s teachings were so radically different from the traditional Catholic views of his days that the church became furious with him and tried almost everything in their power to silence him. Although Luther is known primarily for his views on Justification, but it is his teachings on marriage and family that has been more consequential. Many in the West who have never heard the name of Martin Luther, today enjoy a more biblical view on marriage and family because of his influence. He advocated divorce according to biblical principles, at a time when divorce was almost impossible; he encouraged priests to marry by showing that there was no conflict between their calling and marriage; he denounced celibacy, blaming it for encouraging lust rather than aiding chastity; he restored marriage and family life back to the arena of spirituality and respectability in society. Luther lived out his own advice by getting married and living an exemplary married life. What made Luther so effective was the passionate intensity with which he advocated these reforms. He wrote and spoke with such power and backed up his words with such a bold and courageous life, although living in the shadow of constant threats, that centuries after his death, the power and conviction of his ideas still resonate.展开更多
This paper attempts to explore Master Zhiyi （538-597） of Chinese Tiantai Buddhism＇s theory of the Subtlety of the three categories of Dharma. By means of interpreting the title ＂the Subtle Dharma of the Lotus Sut...This paper attempts to explore Master Zhiyi （538-597） of Chinese Tiantai Buddhism＇s theory of the Subtlety of the three categories of Dharma. By means of interpreting the title ＂the Subtle Dharma of the Lotus Sutra,＂ he is able to adhere to the One Buddha-vehicle as the unifying force to incorporate different viewpoints and to classify the teaching of the Buddha. Zhiyi＇s interpretation of the title of the Lotus Sutra begins with the word ＂Dharma.＂ This indicates that the Buddha teaches dharma, for dharma is the doctrine of truth or reality. He divides dharma into three categories： （1） Dharma of Sentient Beings, （2） Dharma of Bud- dha, and （3） Dharma of Mind. These three categories of dharma are regarded as constituting the doctrines in the teaching of the Buddha. Through this interpretation, the dharma the Buddha expounds in his teaching is confirmed to be subtle and inconceivable. The meaning of the subtlety is defined by Zhiyi as being vast in substance, superior in placeness, and eternal in function, These three aspects of the subtlety are spoken of in terms of the Ten Dharma-realms being the representation of the Ultimate Truth. As this Ultimate Truth is constituted by the Relativity of the nine realms and the Ultimate of the Buddha-realm, the Buddha＇s teaching that functions to lead beings to enter the realm of Buddha is made evident. Owing to the fact that both of the nine realms and the Buddha-realm belong to the Dharma-realm, and the dharmadhatu is the Ultimate Truth, Zhiyi maintains that the nine realms as the Relative contains the Ultimate, and the Buddha-realm as the Ultimate contains the Relative. The integrated reality of the Relative and the Ultimate of the Ten Dharma-realms renders the dharma of the Ultimate Truth inconceivable and subtle. Coinciding with the subtlety that is defined by these three aspects in terms of vast substance, superior placeness, and eternal function, these three categories of dharma are linked with those three aspects of the subtlety. The Dharma of Sentient Beings that concerns the Ten Dharma-realms （that are characterized by the Ten Suchnesses） indicates the vastness of substance the Buddha＇s teaching is based upon, in terms of the Ultimate Truth. The Dharma of Buddha that concerns the Buddha＇s knowledge of the Relative and the Ultimate indicates the superiority of placeness the Buddha＇ s teaching can lead to in terms of attainment of Buddhahood. The Dharma of Mind that concerns the way of realizing the Ultimate Truth indicates the length of function the Buddha＇s teaching can benefit, in terms of the three periods of time. Hence, by Zhiyi＇s definition, the subtlety refers to the dharma, and the dharma is subtle, whereby the Ultimate Truth is presented as an integrated reality of Oneness.展开更多
文摘At an accelerating development pace, Hicro-Nano Satellite technology has become one of the most ac- tive research topics in the current aerospace field. Its applications have been extended from engineering education and technology demonstration into various other fields, such as communication, remote sensing, navigation and scientific experiments just to name a few, In this paper issues raised on Micro/Nano-Satellites in recent news are reviewed and the opportunities and challenges confronting Micro/Nano-Satellites are analyzed. Then the Plicro/nano-Satellites of Na- tional University of Defense Technology, （NUDT） are briefly introduced. Finally, some suggestions on the development of Micro/Nano-Satellites in the future are proposed.
文摘This paper describes and analyzes Martin Luther＇s views on marriage and family primarily from his own writings. Luther elevated marriage and family life to a place of respect and honor in the church and society at a time when singleness and celibacy were celebrated as ways of reaching a higher state of spirituality. Martin Luther＇s teachings were so radically different from the traditional Catholic views of his days that the church became furious with him and tried almost everything in their power to silence him. Although Luther is known primarily for his views on Justification, but it is his teachings on marriage and family that has been more consequential. Many in the West who have never heard the name of Martin Luther, today enjoy a more biblical view on marriage and family because of his influence. He advocated divorce according to biblical principles, at a time when divorce was almost impossible; he encouraged priests to marry by showing that there was no conflict between their calling and marriage; he denounced celibacy, blaming it for encouraging lust rather than aiding chastity; he restored marriage and family life back to the arena of spirituality and respectability in society. Luther lived out his own advice by getting married and living an exemplary married life. What made Luther so effective was the passionate intensity with which he advocated these reforms. He wrote and spoke with such power and backed up his words with such a bold and courageous life, although living in the shadow of constant threats, that centuries after his death, the power and conviction of his ideas still resonate.
文摘This paper attempts to explore Master Zhiyi （538-597） of Chinese Tiantai Buddhism＇s theory of the Subtlety of the three categories of Dharma. By means of interpreting the title ＂the Subtle Dharma of the Lotus Sutra,＂ he is able to adhere to the One Buddha-vehicle as the unifying force to incorporate different viewpoints and to classify the teaching of the Buddha. Zhiyi＇s interpretation of the title of the Lotus Sutra begins with the word ＂Dharma.＂ This indicates that the Buddha teaches dharma, for dharma is the doctrine of truth or reality. He divides dharma into three categories： （1） Dharma of Sentient Beings, （2） Dharma of Bud- dha, and （3） Dharma of Mind. These three categories of dharma are regarded as constituting the doctrines in the teaching of the Buddha. Through this interpretation, the dharma the Buddha expounds in his teaching is confirmed to be subtle and inconceivable. The meaning of the subtlety is defined by Zhiyi as being vast in substance, superior in placeness, and eternal in function, These three aspects of the subtlety are spoken of in terms of the Ten Dharma-realms being the representation of the Ultimate Truth. As this Ultimate Truth is constituted by the Relativity of the nine realms and the Ultimate of the Buddha-realm, the Buddha＇s teaching that functions to lead beings to enter the realm of Buddha is made evident. Owing to the fact that both of the nine realms and the Buddha-realm belong to the Dharma-realm, and the dharmadhatu is the Ultimate Truth, Zhiyi maintains that the nine realms as the Relative contains the Ultimate, and the Buddha-realm as the Ultimate contains the Relative. The integrated reality of the Relative and the Ultimate of the Ten Dharma-realms renders the dharma of the Ultimate Truth inconceivable and subtle. Coinciding with the subtlety that is defined by these three aspects in terms of vast substance, superior placeness, and eternal function, these three categories of dharma are linked with those three aspects of the subtlety. The Dharma of Sentient Beings that concerns the Ten Dharma-realms （that are characterized by the Ten Suchnesses） indicates the vastness of substance the Buddha＇s teaching is based upon, in terms of the Ultimate Truth. The Dharma of Buddha that concerns the Buddha＇s knowledge of the Relative and the Ultimate indicates the superiority of placeness the Buddha＇ s teaching can lead to in terms of attainment of Buddhahood. The Dharma of Mind that concerns the way of realizing the Ultimate Truth indicates the length of function the Buddha＇s teaching can benefit, in terms of the three periods of time. Hence, by Zhiyi＇s definition, the subtlety refers to the dharma, and the dharma is subtle, whereby the Ultimate Truth is presented as an integrated reality of Oneness.
