The preservation of farmland is a growing concern in China because the fact that China possesses limited land resources and the world's largest population presents a clear contradiction. Only when the value of far...The preservation of farmland is a growing concern in China because the fact that China possesses limited land resources and the world's largest population presents a clear contradiction. Only when the value of farmland is fully appreciated in commercial markets can farmland preservation be effectively achieved. The current study constructed a model to evaluate the economic, social, and ecological value of farmland in China according to the connotation of values. As a case study, the value of Chinese farmland was estimated in 1999, 2002, 2005, 2008, and 2011 using the established model. Although the amount of farmland was greatly reduced from 1999 to 2011 due to constructive occupation, agricultural restructuring, ecological restoration, and disaster destruction, the value of this farmland increased from 220.71×1012 to 736.26×1012 RMB Yuan as a result of the multifunctional nature and scarcity of farmland during the same period. The potential value of farmland in China was huge, but the value in the market was greatly underestimated, especially in regard to its social and ecological value. This study proposes a new method that integrates the discounted value of all future services provided by a natural resource(for the society and individuals) to evaluate the resource assets, provides a scientific foundation for the preservation and operation of farmland assets, and explores ways to increase farmers' property income.展开更多
Ethical banks can be defined as financial institutions providing both social and economic profitability for the society and environment. Placement of assets and avoiding social exclusion are significant factors that d...Ethical banks can be defined as financial institutions providing both social and economic profitability for the society and environment. Placement of assets and avoiding social exclusion are significant factors that differentiate ethical banks and the rest of financial intermediaries. Ethical banking is a new concept in Turkey. This paper analyzes the situation of ethical banking by examining the significant differences in lending behaviors of 49 Turkish banks in terms of their functions and ownership structures. We conducted non-parametric tests of Kruskal Wallis, Jonckheere-Terpstra, Mann-Whitney, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Wald-Wolfowitz. We found that in terms of ownership structure, state-owned banks are more ethical than private banks when the placement of assets and avoiding social exclusion factors are considered. In terms of function, participation banks locate their funds to social value generating sectors more ethically than deposit and development banks. From the avoiding exclusion aspect, deposit banks are more ethical than other functional banking groups （i.e., participation and development banks）.展开更多
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant Nos.XDJK2012C104)the National Science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant Nos.2012ZX07104-004)the International S & T Cooperation Program of China(Grant Nos.2013DFG92520)
文摘The preservation of farmland is a growing concern in China because the fact that China possesses limited land resources and the world's largest population presents a clear contradiction. Only when the value of farmland is fully appreciated in commercial markets can farmland preservation be effectively achieved. The current study constructed a model to evaluate the economic, social, and ecological value of farmland in China according to the connotation of values. As a case study, the value of Chinese farmland was estimated in 1999, 2002, 2005, 2008, and 2011 using the established model. Although the amount of farmland was greatly reduced from 1999 to 2011 due to constructive occupation, agricultural restructuring, ecological restoration, and disaster destruction, the value of this farmland increased from 220.71×1012 to 736.26×1012 RMB Yuan as a result of the multifunctional nature and scarcity of farmland during the same period. The potential value of farmland in China was huge, but the value in the market was greatly underestimated, especially in regard to its social and ecological value. This study proposes a new method that integrates the discounted value of all future services provided by a natural resource(for the society and individuals) to evaluate the resource assets, provides a scientific foundation for the preservation and operation of farmland assets, and explores ways to increase farmers' property income.
文摘Ethical banks can be defined as financial institutions providing both social and economic profitability for the society and environment. Placement of assets and avoiding social exclusion are significant factors that differentiate ethical banks and the rest of financial intermediaries. Ethical banking is a new concept in Turkey. This paper analyzes the situation of ethical banking by examining the significant differences in lending behaviors of 49 Turkish banks in terms of their functions and ownership structures. We conducted non-parametric tests of Kruskal Wallis, Jonckheere-Terpstra, Mann-Whitney, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Wald-Wolfowitz. We found that in terms of ownership structure, state-owned banks are more ethical than private banks when the placement of assets and avoiding social exclusion factors are considered. In terms of function, participation banks locate their funds to social value generating sectors more ethically than deposit and development banks. From the avoiding exclusion aspect, deposit banks are more ethical than other functional banking groups （i.e., participation and development banks）.
