城市家庭经济压力：一个社会脉动的视角

对上海875个样本和78个深访资料的分析发现,城市家庭经济压力的ABC-X研究模型呈现以下特征:聚焦经济的压力源事件多维交叉;资源贫乏家庭更多依赖正式支持;脆弱家庭的压力认知更趋负向;中年家庭压力累积应对难。在社会转型的经济制度背景下,城市家庭所经历的普遍而持续的经济压力是国家政策变化和结构性调整的一部分,中老年人口、流动人口以及男性和女性对家庭经济压力的认知和应对策略深刻地受到社会历史、经济发展和文化脉动的影响。与西方家庭压力管理重视内在脉动不同,我国城市家庭经济压力的管理更应重视家庭外部支持系统的建设。

法律绩效评估的社会促动机制

法律绩效评估是指法律实施一段时间以后,有关部门、组织或人员对其实施效果等进行评估,分析法律实施过程中的立法问题,从而进一步完善立法。法律绩效评估社会促动机制的理论基础在于积极公民权理论、参与民主理论以及公民社会理论,其触发的具体方式有提案、诉讼等。法律绩效评估的社会促动机制优势在于公众参与性强,在一定程度上保障评估结果的公正性与接受性,但是缺陷在于它缺少政府的回应,评估结论无法有效促成法律的完善等。

欧盟无酬劳动者社会保障对性别收入平等的影响及对中国的启示

无酬劳动是居民为自身及其他家庭成员的最终消费而提供的没有货币报酬的劳动,具有较强的正外部性和溢出效应,但由此会导致劳动性别歧视以及收入差距加大等问题,政府需要通过社会保障对无酬劳动的主要承担者(女性)实现权益的保障和促进男女性别的收入平等。欧盟在无酬劳动者社会保障方面居于世界前列,具有丰富的经验值得借鉴。通过梳理相关文献,分析了欧盟无酬劳动者社会保障对收入平等的作用机理,研究了欧盟无酬劳动者社会保障的运行主体,总结了其实施的经验。最后,提出了加大社区护养扶持力度,增加育儿津贴及日托服务,完善陪产假、育儿假制度等福利政策改革建议,拓宽中国社会保障改革维度,促进不同性别之间的收入平等。

思想品德课教学中开展社会实践活动模式的探析

随着思想品德课教学具有时代性、实践性、思想性。在思想品德课中增加社会实践活动,收集社会实践的模式,符合新课标提出的以德育为核心,以培养创新精神和实践能力为重点,全面推进素质教育,有利于学生的自我发展、自我完善、健全学生人格,实现人生价值。

市场交易中动产所有权转移时间的法律探讨

本文通过对有些国家关于动产所有权转移时间的立法规定的简介和评价，认为动产所有权转移时间应该同时以合意和交付为必要条件，其目的不在于单纯保护买方或卖方的单方利益，而是立足于维护整个社会市场交易的安全，加强人们的时间观念和竞争意识，促进市场经济的发展，并在此前提下，最大限度地体现民法的公平原则。

论高等教育现代化意境中“大学”的动词意蕴

在高等教育现代化意境中透视＂大学＂这个词语的意蕴,其动词意蕴远远大于名词意蕴,因为大学的本质不仅在于掌握真理,更在于寻找真理。如何体现＂寻找真理＂这一动词意蕴,主要通过大学四个层面彰显出来：在教育教学层面,体现为传道之动、授业之动与解惑之动;在科学研究层面,体现为选择知识之动、创造知识之动、储备知识之动、传承知识之动与应用知识之动;在社会服务层面,体现为输出人才之动、参与社会公益之动与培训人才之动;在文化传承层面,体现为传承人类文明之动、文化创新之动与感染社会文明氛围之动。大学＂寻找真理＂这一动词意蕴的最终目的在于促使现代人达到一种最高级与最现代化的运动形式,即思维运动。

论企业履行社会责任的激励机制

伴随着经济全球化的今天,人们的经济生活水平日益提高,社会价值观念也在发生着变迁。企业作为经济活动的基本元素,对经济的发展起着愈来愈重要的作用。因此,人们对企业的要求随之逐渐提升,由原来只要求最大化地获取企业自身利益,转变为要求企业履行社会责任。如今这已发展成为一种必然的趋势。本文在分析企业履行社会责任现状的基础上,提出了三种激励企业履行社会责任的机制,其中,建立企业履行社会责任的市场机制是本文的点睛和创新之处,笔者认为应该把企业社会责任引入到市场机制中,按照市场机制的运行规则来加强企业社会责任的履行,而且这种激励机制一旦形成,将会产生一劳永逸的效果。

大学生与社会

大学生是时代的幸运儿,但他们的优越心态过剩就会脱离于社会,因而“难觅知音”。当代大学生在社会上是一个不可忽视的群体,他们的群动行为,特对社会造成重大影响。社会实践活动是大学生成才的必由之路。

Positive influence of traditional culture and socioeconomic activity on conservation: A case study from the black-and-white snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) in Tibet

Found in the Trans-Himalayas of north-west Yunnan and south-east Tibet, the black-and-white snub-nosed monkey （Rhinopithecus bieti） is one of the world’s most endangered primates. A recent survey indicates that only 15 groups with 2500 individuals remain in the wild. However, the Tibetan Xiaochangdu group may be the only equilibrium group in the field since the last investigation in 1988. To evaluate the effects of traditional culture and socioeconomic activity on biodiversity conservation of R. bieti, we conducted a case study in the Honglaxueshan National Nature Reserve in southeast Tibet from June 2003 to May 2005. Interviews, direct observations, and analysis of socioeconomic data indicated major advantages to the conservation of R. bieti, which included that： 1） traditional culture mainly depended on raising livestock and collecting non-timber products rather than forest planting of Tibetan highland barley; 2） religious beliefs, against to kill any wildlife living on the sacred mountain, were mainly influenced by Tibetan Buddhism; and 3） bigger household numbers were induced by the polyandrous marriage system, which resulted in lower per capita resource consumption than smaller ones.

Changes in functions,forms,and locations of lead during its anthropogenic flows to provide services

Knowledge of the changes in a material’s function, form, and location during the transfer and transformation of materials to generate human services will improve our understanding of how humanity interacts with the environment and of how services are formed by human activities. We compared lead’s anthropogenic and biogeochemical cycles and found that the services, pathways, and changes in form requiring the most attention. We traced lead through its life cycle and identified the changes in its functions, forms, and locations by examining technology and engineering information. Lead ore and scrap were the two main anthropogenic sources of lead. When lead provides human services, its main functions included the storage and delivery of electricity, anti-corrosion treatments, and radiation protection; the main forms of lead in these products were Pb, PbO2 and PbSO4, and the main location changed from lithosphere in central China to regions in eastern China.

如何更好发挥财政对社会资本的引导与撬动作用:主要矛盾与制度路径

财政通过引导和撬动社会资本发挥杠杆效益,为转变政府职能和服务实体经济提供了良好契机。然而财政资金与社会资本在属性上有着公共性与私人性的本质差异,两种资金在投向、运作程序设定、回报要求等方面存在矛盾。积极探索财政资金与社会资本之间的关系,更好发挥财政对社会资本的引导和撬动作用。

The Human Sustainable Development under Biologically Evolutionary Background

Evolution,adaptation and selection always exist in the evolutionary process of any species,which is the result of interrelation and interaction between living things and their environments,and the incarnation of natural laws in the evolutionary process of any species. Only if accurately understanding their connotation and interrelation among them,taking the evolution of living things as the line with centralizing the human sustainable development,dialectically unifying the active adaptation of the human being to their environments and oriented selection of nature and the society to species,we can acquire a better understanding of evolution of living things and a deeper understanding of the human sustainable development under biologically evolutionary background and uphold the true Darwinism,modern evolutionary point of view and the concept of current sustainable development in theory and in practice.

Smart Cities as Cyber-Physical Social Systems

The emerging prototype for a Smart City is one of an urban environment with a new generation of inno- vative services for transportation, energy distribution, healthcare, environmental monitoring, business, commerce, emergency response, and social activities. Enabling the technology for such a setting re- quires a viewpoint of Smart Cities as cyber-physical systems （CPSs） that include new software platforms and strict requirements for mobility, security, safety, privacy, and the processing of massive amounts of information. This paper identifies some key defining characteristics of a Smart City, discusses some lessons learned from viewing them as CPSs, and outlines some fundamental research issues that remain largely open.

Land-use Change and Socio-economic Driving Forces of Rural Settlement in China from 1996 to 2005

While urbanization has accelerated, the rural population in China has started decreasing in recent years. However, the expansion of rural settlement has not been sufficiently curbed. The questions of why this has happened and who has driven the land-use change(LUC) of rural settlement in China have aroused great interests among researchers. In this paper, it is suggested that population is not always a positive driving force for the LUC of rural settlement in China. Furthermore, socio-economic driving forces other than urbanization, population and industrialization are analyzed. On a national scale, the major driving forces are the per-capita rural housing area and the cultivated land area. On a regional scale, the main driving forces in the eastern China are the house-building capacity of rural households and the per-capita rural housing area; while in the central China, the main driving forces are rural housing investment, the proportion of primary industry employees in the rural working population, and the cultivated land area. For the western China, the main driving forces are rural register population and cultivated land area.

New Media, Public Sphere, and Arab Spring： Demystifying the Power of Social Networks

This paper looks at the new media, communication, and political environment in both Tunisia and Egypt during and after the revolution. The new environment provided activists, politicians, civil society, and youth among others, who want to express their opinions and share their views, with various channels and means of corranunication to be part of the political action and to participate in the decision-making process. Social media played an important role in mobilizing youth to rally and protest. This is to say that a new model of communication has emerged with this new environment. The receiver has become the sender and the producer of the message. The process of communication, therefore, has been changed from one to many to from many to many, and everybody became sender and receiver at the same time. The main research question this paper aims to answer is： Are social networks enough to change the political and economic scene in the Arab World？ And is there a relationship between the new communication environment and Arab spring？ The year 2011 has been in the Arab world the year of social networks and radical changes in the political scene where a score of dictators were ousted. New political communication networks and mechanisms took place, and for the first time in Arab political communication, public opinion was a major political player. Social networks helped tremendously the formation of new public sphere where the public finds its way in the media and communication processes. At their best, new media can mobilize crowds and masses to rally and protest. They can give a social perspective to movements. However, they can＇t make change and implement democracy. After the collapse of the regimes in Tunisia and Egypt, things are not getting any better. There is no democratic transition, and both countries are experiencing complex economic, social, and political problems.

The First Push of the Universe and Origin of Life

Everything in the universe occurs spontaneously. The first push of the universe signifies the capabilities of the universe in automatic movement, automatic reaction and change, automatic generation and development, automatic cognition and thinking, automatic organization, autonomous behavior and automatic control. Diverse substances, objects, thinking and life entities in the universe are all at automatic movement and change. There are 4 automatic reactions within the physical system： chemical reaction, nuclear fusion reactions, quark confinement reaction and weak interaction. Correspondingly, there are 4 similar reactions in organisms. The life entities include the life universe, organisms, human being, societies and artifacts. The automatic dynamic system exists within the life entities which has automatic cognition and thinking abilities. 4-season movement of life happens automatically. The automatic control of life movement includes 4-season control and thinking control whilst the later is an active type. The life universe forms under the automatic organization of the universe thinking. The social life entities are an active control system of thinking. The society has 5 automatic dynamic systems. The society is a life entity that automatically generates under the control and organization of thinking. The artifacts and the future artificial life are formed under the automatic organization and fabrication of human beings under the control of thinking. The earth is a life entity capable of making various biological molecules and 4-season mechanisms of organisms. The organism is created gradually during 4-season movement of earth and solar system.

Exploring social movement concepts and actions in a knowledge uptake and sustainability context: A concept analysis

Objectives:To share a concept analysis of social movement aimed at advancing its application to evidence uptake and sustainability in health-care.Methods:We applied Walker and Avant method to clarify the concept of social movement in the context of knowledge uptake and sustainability.Peer-reviewed and grey literature databases were systematically searched for relevant reports that described how social movement action led to evidence-based practice changes in health and community settings.Titles,abstracts and full texts were reviewed independently and in duplicate,resulting in 38 included articles.Results:Social movement action for knowledge uptake and sustainability can be defined as individuals,groups,or organizations that,as voluntary and intrinsically motivated change agents,mobilize around a common cause to improve outcomes through knowledge uptake and sustainability.The 10 defining attributes,three antecedents and three consequences that we identified are dynamic and interrelated,often mutually reinforcing each other to fortify various aspects of the social movement.Examples of defining attributes include an urgent need for action,collective action and collective identity.The concept analysis resulted in the development of the Social Movement Action Framework.Conclusions:Social movement action can provide a lens through which we view implementation science.Collective action and collective identity e concepts less frequently canvassed in implementation science literature e can lend insight into grassroots approaches to uptake and sustainability.Findings can also inform providers and change leaders on the practicalities of harnessing social movement action for realworld change initiatives.By mobilizing individuals,groups,or organizations through social movement approaches,they can engage as powered change agents and teams that impact the individual,organizational and health systems levels to facilitate knowledge uptake and sustainability.

Self-perceptions and social–emotional classroom engagement following structured physical activity among preschoolers: A feasibility study

Background: The well-rounded development of the child, including physical, cognitive, emotional, and social health, may be the most efficient route to well-being and academic success. The primary goal was to investigate the feasibility of implementing a 12-week structured program of physical activity(PA) incorporating cognitive, social, and emotional elements in preschool. Additionally, this study, using a within-subject design,examined the acute effects of a PA session on classroom engagement and changes on perceived competence and peer acceptance from the first to the last week of the program.Methods: Twenty-seven preschoolers(mean age = 4.2 years) completed the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance for Young Children before and after a twice-weekly PA program. Unobtrusive classroom observations were conducted for verbal, social, and affective engagement during the first and last week of the program, both following a structured PA session(experimental day) and on a day without PA(control day). Treatment fidelity was monitored to ensure that the intervention was delivered as designed.Results: The children exhibited longer periods of verbal and social engagement during classroom periods that followed PA sessions than on non-PA days. Children also expressed more positive affect following PA sessions during the last week of the PA program. Despite high baseline scores,perceptions of general competence increased meaningfully(η2= 0.15, p = 0.05), driven by increase in perceptions of cognitive competence(η2= 0.15,p = 0.06).Conclusion: This study demonstrates the feasibility of providing structured PA program to preschoolers. Moreover, these initial findings suggest that purposely designed, structured PA may help advance the social–emotional engagement and perceived competence of preschool children.

Values and Educative Aspirations

Empirical research was done interviewing face to face a sample of 2,447, 10-12 grade students in Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico, from the main public university high school in town. Education is seen as a tool to develop better citizens first, and better workers later. The objective of this research was to detect different perceptions related to values and education. Using a 13 items questionnaire, we measured： Students＇ perceptions about him/herself as part of their education role, responsibility that students show toward activities m school, perceptions about education as a tool to grow in the social ladder and as a way of social recognition, social perception about effort as an important value to self-improve and get social recognition, and to finish, perceptions about their teacher＇s performance.

Spatio-Temporal Impact of Rural Livelihood Capital on Labor Migra- tion in Panxi, Southwestern Mountainous Region of China

Labor migration to urban centers is a common phenomenon in the Panxi region of the southwestern mountainous region of China, mainly owing to inadequate livelihood capital in rural areas. Numerous studies have been conducted to explore the relationship between labor migration and its causes, such as individual and family characteristics, but few studies have focused on livelihood capital. This paper examines the impact factors on labor migration employment location selection and duration from a household livelihood capital perspective. A case study of 279 households from 10 villages in the area was carried out in February 2016. We used both qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze the data. On the basis of the 279 questionnaires, the proportion of households with non-labor migration is 48.4%, whereas households with labor migration within a local city and migration across regions account for 28.7% and 22.9%, respectively. Social, financial, and human capitals are the primary factors that influence migrants' employment location choice positively. Among them, social capital has a significant impact on both migration within a local city and across regions; each of the regression coefficients is 1.111 and 1.183. Social, human, and financial capitals also have a positive impact on the duration of labor migration, and similarly, social capital is the highest coefficient with 2.489. However, physical capital only partly impacts labor migration across regions, whereas the impact of labor migration within a local city, and the duration, are not significant. Furthermore, the impact of household natural capital on migration space and time are all negative relationships, especially for labor migration across the regions and duration, with coefficient scores of 4.836 and 3.450, respectively. That is to say, a laborer is inclined to migrate within a local city for a short term, or not migrate at all, if natural capital is abundant. Our analysis results show that household livelihood capital has a strong spatio-temporal impact on labor migration.