金元以来豫北理学的社会化与宗族形态的显现

金元时期,北方战乱频繁,文化的发展也受到一定程度的阻碍,但文化的传播却并未中断。在豫北地区,姚枢、赵复、许衡等理学大儒,以百泉太极书院为基地,进行理学的传播。随着豫北地区理学的发展,儒家礼仪得到进一步推广,当地宗族观念与宗族行为也逐渐产生。姚枢诸儒及其后世,亲身参与了某些宗族建设活动,并为豫北宗族在明清以后的进一步发展打下了初步的基础。

同种异体骨移植的社会伦理问题和对策

本文从国内外同种异体骨移植现状出发 。

Functional dyspepsia:Are psychosocial factors of relevance?

The pathogenesis of Functional Dyspepsia （FD） remains unclear, appears diverse and is thus inadequately understood. Akin to other functional gastrointestinal disorders, research has demonstrated an association between this common diagnosis and psychosocial factors and psychiatric morbidity. Conceptualising the relevance of these factors within the syndrome of FD requires application of the biopsychosocial model of disease. Using this paradigm, dysregulation of the reciprocal communication between the brain and the gut is central to symptom generation, interpretation and exacerbation. Appreciation and understanding of the neurobiological correlates of various psychological states is also relevant. The view that psychosocial factors exert their influence in FD predominantly through motivation of health care seeking also persists. This appears too one-dimensional an assertion in light of the evidence available supporting a more intdnsic aetiological link. Evolving understanding of pathogenic mechanisms and the heterogeneous nature of the syndrome will facilitate effective management. Co-morbid psychiatric illness warrants treatment with conventional therapies. Acknowledging the relevance of psychosocial variables in FD, the degree of which is subject to vadation, has implications for assessment and management. Available evidence suggests psychological therapies may benefit FD patients particularly those with chronic symptoms. The rationale for use of psychotropic medications in FD is apparent but the evidence base to support the use of antidepressant pharmacotherapy is to date limited.

The Architecture of Value Thinking and Pneuma in Housing Associations

Housing associations make too small a contribution to society, the government has to step in too frequently because of maladministration, and the associations＇ executives are often unaware of the far-reaching impact of their decisions. These are the conclusions of new academic research conducted by Jan Veuger of Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University （RSM）. In the author＇s dissertation, he asserts that in numerous cases, there is no correlation between social and financial objectives. The Dutch House of Representatives debated the results of the report Ver van huis from the Parliamentary Committee of Inquiry on Housing Associations in early December, 2014. The research that is being carried out at the moment is constructed in a manner that if we understand something about value thinking and what underlying motivation is, an approach can be deducted that will allow us to control them. After the introduction, an explanation of the theme of the research will be given and the choice for a four-phase model with a deepening as to what value（s） is （and are）. From the perspective of the four-phase model, the emphasis will be put on the socialization and thinking capacities, and parallels will be drawn between the values within the four-phase model, the examined values, and in specific, public housing corporations.

Technological Evolution of Historic Structural Mortars

Mortars are among the first building materials used in constructions, even from prehistoric times （8th millennium BC）. Their study reveals a great source of information regarding the evolution of their technological characteristics and application techniques, the availability and exploitation of raw materials, as well the wider socio-economic aspects of each era. The aim of this paper is to comparatively evaluate the analysis results from approximately 1,000 structural mortar samples taken from various monuments and historic buildings of Greece, dated from the Hellenistic period, until the beginning of the 20th century. The analysis focused in the determination of their physico-mechanical and chemical properties, such as porosity, apparent specific gravity, mechanical strength, aggregates type and granulometry and chemical composition. Through the results＇ evaluation, significant remarks can be made upon the evolution of the raw materials used （binding system, aggregates, additives）, as well as regarding the final properties of historic structural mortars. It is concluded that hydrated lime was the main binding agent used for a long-lasting period of 2.5 millenniums, while mixed type binding systems based on lime and natural pozzolan were systematically used for producing durable mortars, resistant to humidity. In any case, it seems that ancient masons were fully aware of the significant role of mortars in constructions and were capable of exploiting the available raw materials and application techniques to the maximum.

Cultural Psychology： An Interdisciplinary Perspective

Cultural Psychology emerged as an interdisciplinary subfield roughly in the 1980s/1990s. With about thirty years of momentum, this discipline has grown from little more than a special interests group to a topic to which multiple institutions and journals have been dedicated. This paper presents an outline of the discipline of Cultural Psychology from an American interdisciplinary perspective. The pitfalls of General Psychology （research methodology, politicization, and an essentialist hermeneutic） and Anthropology （an epistemological gap in the four fields approach, psychophobia, and the role of the researcher in cultural change） are addressed, in turn. Cultural Psychology provides an alternative to these pitfalls by drawing on the strengths of each discipline to address both theoretical and empirical problems. Cultural Psychology urges for a critical reflection on the social structure and history of its own discipline, resulting in a broader academic canon and a more nuanced understanding of interdisciplinary relations within the human sciences.

Marxism in China and ideological education

It is a big project of whole society to strengthen the holistic view and ideological and political education, thus we must work together to make full use of social resources to advocate the basic value rules of society and guarantee the promotion of human nature, guiding people to think according to the social reality to enhance rational ability of thinking, eventually forming a mutual power of education; in the mean time, we should still exert advantages of strong systematic, theoretical and logical factors to achieve double swords with combination of education mode. Theoretical teaching plus beneficial activities, one-way teaching with activities and school education combined with social and media education can achieve socialization of ideological and political education. Drawing on the experience of other countries, we can constantly create new approach suitable to our national conditions and the requirements development and enhance the effectiveness of ideological and political education.

On the theoretical basis of linguistics and modem cultural studies

Language study is closely related to the ecological literature and cultural studies. The predicament of modern ecological literature and cultural theory is that there no linguistic theory to rely on. Biolinguistics emphasize the two-way interaction between language and environment, regard language as the intermediate link between nature and culture. It combines the ＂environment＂ of language with nature and social psychology. Thus this theory studies beyond such one-way determinism of traditional linguistics as ＂the world constructed language＂ or ＂language of the construction of the world,＂ concerning the relationship between language and the world. It also goes beyond the dualism of ＂naturatness＂ of language and ＂agreement＂ of the issue to become the real eco-dialectical linguistic theory with rich ＂argument＂ . This theory can help people better understand the relationship between text and the world, nature and culture, natural ecology and social spiritual ecology. Therefore it is a basic theory of modern literature, cultural studies, as well as one of the most leading and challenging issue for the study of ecological poetic and culture abroad.

From Learning English to Learning in English:A Comparative Study of the Impact of Learning Contexts upon Chinese EFL Learners' Strategy Use

The past three decades have witnessed a proliferation of research on Chinese English as a foreign language （EFL） learners＇ use of learning strategies, but little has been examined about the potential influence of learning contexts upon their strategic engagement. This paper reports on the findings of an investigation of the impact of learning contexts upon the use of learning strategies of two cohorts of EFL learners in China. Both cohorts were non-English majors, one from a university where English is the medium of instruction （EMI） and the other from an EFL university. The data were collected using questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Results reveal that learners from the EMI university demonstrated a higher level in their overall use of learning strategies over their counterparts from the EFL university. Independent T-test shows that the two cohorts were significantly different in their use of cognitive, meta-cognitive, affective and social strategies. These findings were discussed from a socio-cultural perspective. Implications are presented for the reform of English language education in China and beyond.

The Discourse of English Reading Lessons in Chinese Middle Schools: A Sociocultural Perspective

While the research agenda of classroom interaction has long been well established internationally, scholars in China have paid little empirical attention to these developments until recently. Furthermore, among the body of work on the local classroom discourse, very few studies have focused on the secondary sectors. From the perspective of the sociocultural theory （SCT）, this article examines the classroom discourse of Chinese middle school English language teaching （ELT） by investigating teacher-student interaction. The transcribed classroom discourse of 8 teachers＇ reading lessons is qualitatively coded and quantitatively measured. The study draws on a descriptive system focusing on the teacher-led three-part initiation-response-feedback （IRF） structure. The research findings reveal that quite similar discourse patterns are found in the lessons sampled, with the initiation-response-evaluation （IRE） sequence dominating the EFL （English as a Foreign Language） classroom interaction investigated. Theoretically, the paper aims to place the SCT perspectives in the foreground. Pedagogically, it attempts to raise teacher-practitioners＇ levels of awareness of the use of teacher talk in EFL classroom interaction.

LEARNING THEORIES AND SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING

This article critically examines three most influential learning theories that underlie the instruction and learning environments in second language learning (SLL). Evaluation follows the description of each theory. The point is to understand the impacts of different theories on second language learning. The paper argues that an integrated approach, which combines the three theories, is needed.

Understanding Good Language Learners’ Writing Strategy Use in the Chinese EFL Context: A Sociocultural Perspective

Strategy studies have been a well-established field in second language writing research and this article investigates English as a foreign language （EFL） learners＇ writing strategy use from a sociocultural perspective. Unlike the traditional focus on internal cognitive mechanisms in writing strategy studies, this sociocultural approach highlights the dialectic relationship between cognition and the sociocultural context and the importance of mediating resources in strategy use. Six proficient English majors from a Chinese university participated in the study, and data about their writing experience were collected through interviews. The findings showed that the participants used four types of writing strategies： artifact-mediated, rule-mediated, community-mediated, and role-mediated strategies. Other features of their strategy use include the diversity of mediating resources, idiosyncratic use of these resources, and the common goal to enhance their language knowledge and writing ability. Drawing on these findings, it is suggested that teachers can reconfigure the sociocultural context of writing activities to help students enhance their strategy use and possible ways include artifact manipulation and community construction.

Expounding Neo-Confucianism:Choice of Tradition at a Time of Dynastic Change——Cultural Conflict and the Social Reconstruction of Early Qing

During the Ming-Qing dynastic transition, the contradictions and conflicts arising from the different political systems, ways of rule, living styles and organization modes of economic life between the Manchu and the Han constituted a central part of Manchu-Han cultural conflicts, and intensified the social contradiction during the earlier years of emperors Shunzhi and Kangxi. Against this background, the early-Qing Neo-Confucianism neither criticized the reality nor rejected the tradition, but attempted to reestablish the moral and ethical order of the Chinese society in accordance with orthodox Confucianism. With its introduction into the imperial court by famous Neo-Confueianists such as Xiong Cilii, Neo-Confucianism began to enjoy increasing influence in Qing politics, and became the dominant official ideology in the Qing society. With this, the Qing dynasty gradually completed its historical transition from traditional Manchu politics to Central-plains politics. Moreover, the emperor＇s turnto Confucianism also put a good end to the decade-long cultural conflict within the Qing dynasty, thus making possible the ethnic intermingling between the Manchu and the Han. Accordingly, the change in Ming loyalists＇ political attitude was a political and cultural indicator of the disorder-order transition of the early-Qing Chinese society.

A SOCIAL PERSPECTIVE ON SECOND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT AND INSTRUCTION

Currently research on developing socio-cultural and linguistic competence simultaneously in the language classroom is gaining increasing attention from EFL practitioners and curriculum designers. This paper contends that albeit second language learning is a complex phenomenon with different variables concerning the psychological factors of the learners and the socio-cultural elements of the contexts, an interactional approach to second language learning can ensure that a social perspective of second language development and instruction contributes to having a positive effect on the nature and quality of language learning, which activates the autonomous learning motivation and creates diversity in the learning atmosphere.

English Vocabulary Learning Strategy Use in a Chinese Key Middle School

This paper reports on a mixed method inquiry into the use of vocabulary learning strategies and their development as strategic vocabulary learners in a key middle school on the Chinese mainland. In the inquiry, 475 first year junior secondary school pupils （247 boys and 228 girls） were surveyed about their strategy use in learning English vocabulary. Sixteen pupils （8 boys and 8 girls） participated in paired semi-structured interviews about their experiences of learning English vocabulary. Drawing on socio-cultural perspectives on language learning, the inquiry established the interconnections between the participants＇ strategy use and beliefs and identified the roles that agency played in their vocabulary learning. The analysis of interview data further revealed that the participants＇ strategy use emerged from interaction between their agency and the mediation of contextual resources and social agents including parents and teachers. These findings suggest that it is important for language teachers to collaborate with social agents such as parents in their efforts to support young learners＇ strategic vocabulary learning.

Contemporary myth and its aesthetic consciousness

Pragmatic rationality and scientific and technological developments in modem society have jointly put an end to classical myth and consigned it to the historical museum of the spiritual culture. However, mythical thinking and consciousness are synchronically hidden in our psychological structures and still exert an important influence on civilizations and cultures. In the modem and postmodem historical and cultural context, myth hides in our spiritual and cultural activities in various altered forms. Having evolved into a mythic form in the contemporary sense, it continues to play a powerful psychological role and to act as a midwife of conscious activities and forms. Contemporary myth typically comprises science myth, consumption myth and hero myth. It has inherited the symbols and structures of traditional myth, but with some developments and variations; in particular, by means of science and technology, it has acquired broader and richer social ingredients and swift and intensive modes of transmission, producing a widespread and far-reaching influence on various aspects of society.