Nodes play different roles or have different functions in many natural and social networks.In this paper,a simple model with different types of nodes and deterministic selective linking rule is proposed.The structural...Nodes play different roles or have different functions in many natural and social networks.In this paper,a simple model with different types of nodes and deterministic selective linking rule is proposed.The structural properties by theoretical predictions are investigated that the given model exhibits a power-law distribution.展开更多
The merger of the pension not only in relation to the social justice, but also the relationship between the construction of social security system, pensions merger is beyond doubt. Pension dual track the biggest drawb...The merger of the pension not only in relation to the social justice, but also the relationship between the construction of social security system, pensions merger is beyond doubt. Pension dual track the biggest drawback is that a significant loss of fairness, the gap between different groups of pension is too wide, causing social conflicts. The merger of the pension has be imperative. Therefore, it is necessary to establish and perfect the system of the civil service pension insurance legal mandatory occupational pension system, strengthen the basic social pension, broaden the channels for pension investment, reform organs and institutions pension system and pension system Retbrm and civil service pay rise, in order to promote the reform of the civil service pension system. The merger of the pension reform is scientific and reasonable, healthy and orderly and can achieve a smooth transition.展开更多
Since the Qin Dynasty started the county system to the foundation of China, ＂county＂ has been the basic unit of the centralized state in our country. Although the county-level governance mode is stable, its evolutio...Since the Qin Dynasty started the county system to the foundation of China, ＂county＂ has been the basic unit of the centralized state in our country. Although the county-level governance mode is stable, its evolution has laws to follow. Generally speaking, the rules are that the scale of the county government is small for a long time and the governmental functions in the long term are fixed. The roles of the clan organizations in the social governance are increasingly strengthened and the slow development and roles of other social organizations outside the clan organizations are increasing.展开更多
The 1989 and following years were the periods in which many important economic and political tumovers took place in the world. That was the time when Berlin Wall fell down with scattering the Eastern block and many po...The 1989 and following years were the periods in which many important economic and political tumovers took place in the world. That was the time when Berlin Wall fell down with scattering the Eastern block and many politically independent states came into being, at the same time, ongoing about 70 years socialist system also started to change into liberal system. The constituted 27 states in 1991 were tended to liberal economic system instead of socialist economy, and these states were called as transition economies. In this study, the relationship between indebtedness and growth rate of transition countries were analyzed by panel autoregressive distributed lag model （ARDL）. Before panel ARDL application, stationary properties of the variables have been checked with first and second generation unit root test. For the second generation unit root tests, CADF tests have been used. Also cross section dependency has been examined by LM tests.展开更多
In the last years, Europe has aimed at the creation of a new European public sphere that has grown beside and has not replaced the national ones; a public sphere in which the idea of Europe as a shared value, as a rea...In the last years, Europe has aimed at the creation of a new European public sphere that has grown beside and has not replaced the national ones; a public sphere in which the idea of Europe as a shared value, as a reality of nations, but also as a reality of regions and cities, can build and develop. This aim is the result of a long discussion that has led to consider the public communication as a fundamental instrument supporting the dialogue between institutions and citizens and the result of an important sociological debate. Communication is nowadays considered as a structural element of Union＇s programs, and the transformation of the media system, the possibilities of communication offered by the social media, and the growth of participatory cultures have opened new ways to the development of European public communication that can contribute to increasing the European public sphere. This process involves an awareness from institutions and their representatives on the use of social media （e.g., Facebook, Twitter, etc.） to improve the relationship with the citizens and to create a sense of belonging to Europe.展开更多
There is a consensus in the literature that mathematical ability contributes to student success in tertiary education. More importantly, mathematical skills are necessary when successfully completing mathematics- and/...There is a consensus in the literature that mathematical ability contributes to student success in tertiary education. More importantly, mathematical skills are necessary when successfully completing mathematics- and/or science-based degrees. Social sciences such as psychology and economics require statistical skills which also require knowledge of mathematics. Even business students, such as marketing and accounting students need the necessary mathematical skills to successfully complete their degrees at university. This paper suggests that student success in a core business subject is dependent on their mathematical aptitude, attitude, and type of secondary schooling whether government or non-government schools. There is urgency for universities to recognize that high failure rates are due to insufficient mathematics exposure in secondary schooling and remedial classes might not be enough. Specifying a minimum （maths, e.g., two units） requirement for entry and/or providing bridging programs to ensure students have the necessary basic mathematical skills would increase student success in quantitative units.展开更多
Theory predicts that because males are more variable in reproductive success than females, a mother should produce more sons to maximize fitness return from the sex allocation if she is of high-quality （the female qu...Theory predicts that because males are more variable in reproductive success than females, a mother should produce more sons to maximize fitness return from the sex allocation if she is of high-quality （the female quality hypothesis） or mates with a high-quality male （the male quality hypothesis）. While most previous studies have looked at each hypothesis, we tested both of them simultaneously in the white-rumped snowfinch Montifringilla taczanowskii, a socially monogamous, sexually monomorphic passerine where body size is a potential indicator of individual quality in intrasexual competition and territory de- fense. Brood sex ratios at the population level did not deviate from random expectation. Among individual broods, the proportion of sons did not depend on body size of either male or female parent, but on interaction of this trait of both parents. Further analy- ：~es revealed that brood sex ratios were independent of body size of male or female parents when their mates were smaller, but positively related with body size of male or female parents when their mates were larger. These results suggest that mechanisms underlying the two hypotheses may act jointly on offspring sex allocation. The mechanisms are expected to evolve through size-assortative mating which is often reached by sexual selection [Current Zoology 59 （2）： 271-277, 2013].展开更多
The dynamics of a single population with non-overlapping generations can be described deterministically by a scalar difference equation in this study. A discrete-time Beverton- Holt stock recruitment model with Allee ...The dynamics of a single population with non-overlapping generations can be described deterministically by a scalar difference equation in this study. A discrete-time Beverton- Holt stock recruitment model with Allee effect, harvesting and hydra effect is proposed and studied. Model with strong Allee effect results from incorporating mate limitation in the Beverton-Holt model. We show that these simple models exhibit some interesting （and sometimes unexpected） phenomena such as the hydra effect, sudden collapses and essential extinction. Along with this, harvesting is a socio-economie issue to continue any system generation after generation. Different dynamical behaviors for these situations have been illustrated numerically also. The biological implications of our analytical and numerical findings are discussed critically.展开更多
The randomized response （RR） technique is an effective survey method when collecting sensitive information. This paper proposes a new non-randomized response model for survey sampling with polychotomous sensitive qu...The randomized response （RR） technique is an effective survey method when collecting sensitive information. This paper proposes a new non-randomized response model for survey sampling with polychotomous sensitive questions： Two-valued response technique. The proportion of the sensitive attribute and its estimator＇s variance are estimated under the simple random sampling without replacement and with replacement designs. The relation between the efficiency and the protection of privacy is discussed. The result indicates that the efficiency is in conflict with protection of privacy in the new proposed model, which is the same as that in the RR technique, but the new technique has better characteristics in sociological practice aspects than the RR technique, because it is of low cost, saving time and being operated easily.展开更多
文摘Nodes play different roles or have different functions in many natural and social networks.In this paper,a simple model with different types of nodes and deterministic selective linking rule is proposed.The structural properties by theoretical predictions are investigated that the given model exhibits a power-law distribution.
文摘The merger of the pension not only in relation to the social justice, but also the relationship between the construction of social security system, pensions merger is beyond doubt. Pension dual track the biggest drawback is that a significant loss of fairness, the gap between different groups of pension is too wide, causing social conflicts. The merger of the pension has be imperative. Therefore, it is necessary to establish and perfect the system of the civil service pension insurance legal mandatory occupational pension system, strengthen the basic social pension, broaden the channels for pension investment, reform organs and institutions pension system and pension system Retbrm and civil service pay rise, in order to promote the reform of the civil service pension system. The merger of the pension reform is scientific and reasonable, healthy and orderly and can achieve a smooth transition.
文摘Since the Qin Dynasty started the county system to the foundation of China, ＂county＂ has been the basic unit of the centralized state in our country. Although the county-level governance mode is stable, its evolution has laws to follow. Generally speaking, the rules are that the scale of the county government is small for a long time and the governmental functions in the long term are fixed. The roles of the clan organizations in the social governance are increasingly strengthened and the slow development and roles of other social organizations outside the clan organizations are increasing.
文摘The 1989 and following years were the periods in which many important economic and political tumovers took place in the world. That was the time when Berlin Wall fell down with scattering the Eastern block and many politically independent states came into being, at the same time, ongoing about 70 years socialist system also started to change into liberal system. The constituted 27 states in 1991 were tended to liberal economic system instead of socialist economy, and these states were called as transition economies. In this study, the relationship between indebtedness and growth rate of transition countries were analyzed by panel autoregressive distributed lag model （ARDL）. Before panel ARDL application, stationary properties of the variables have been checked with first and second generation unit root test. For the second generation unit root tests, CADF tests have been used. Also cross section dependency has been examined by LM tests.
文摘In the last years, Europe has aimed at the creation of a new European public sphere that has grown beside and has not replaced the national ones; a public sphere in which the idea of Europe as a shared value, as a reality of nations, but also as a reality of regions and cities, can build and develop. This aim is the result of a long discussion that has led to consider the public communication as a fundamental instrument supporting the dialogue between institutions and citizens and the result of an important sociological debate. Communication is nowadays considered as a structural element of Union＇s programs, and the transformation of the media system, the possibilities of communication offered by the social media, and the growth of participatory cultures have opened new ways to the development of European public communication that can contribute to increasing the European public sphere. This process involves an awareness from institutions and their representatives on the use of social media （e.g., Facebook, Twitter, etc.） to improve the relationship with the citizens and to create a sense of belonging to Europe.
文摘There is a consensus in the literature that mathematical ability contributes to student success in tertiary education. More importantly, mathematical skills are necessary when successfully completing mathematics- and/or science-based degrees. Social sciences such as psychology and economics require statistical skills which also require knowledge of mathematics. Even business students, such as marketing and accounting students need the necessary mathematical skills to successfully complete their degrees at university. This paper suggests that student success in a core business subject is dependent on their mathematical aptitude, attitude, and type of secondary schooling whether government or non-government schools. There is urgency for universities to recognize that high failure rates are due to insufficient mathematics exposure in secondary schooling and remedial classes might not be enough. Specifying a minimum （maths, e.g., two units） requirement for entry and/or providing bridging programs to ensure students have the necessary basic mathematical skills would increase student success in quantitative units.
文摘Theory predicts that because males are more variable in reproductive success than females, a mother should produce more sons to maximize fitness return from the sex allocation if she is of high-quality （the female quality hypothesis） or mates with a high-quality male （the male quality hypothesis）. While most previous studies have looked at each hypothesis, we tested both of them simultaneously in the white-rumped snowfinch Montifringilla taczanowskii, a socially monogamous, sexually monomorphic passerine where body size is a potential indicator of individual quality in intrasexual competition and territory de- fense. Brood sex ratios at the population level did not deviate from random expectation. Among individual broods, the proportion of sons did not depend on body size of either male or female parent, but on interaction of this trait of both parents. Further analy- ：~es revealed that brood sex ratios were independent of body size of male or female parents when their mates were smaller, but positively related with body size of male or female parents when their mates were larger. These results suggest that mechanisms underlying the two hypotheses may act jointly on offspring sex allocation. The mechanisms are expected to evolve through size-assortative mating which is often reached by sexual selection [Current Zoology 59 （2）： 271-277, 2013].
文摘The dynamics of a single population with non-overlapping generations can be described deterministically by a scalar difference equation in this study. A discrete-time Beverton- Holt stock recruitment model with Allee effect, harvesting and hydra effect is proposed and studied. Model with strong Allee effect results from incorporating mate limitation in the Beverton-Holt model. We show that these simple models exhibit some interesting （and sometimes unexpected） phenomena such as the hydra effect, sudden collapses and essential extinction. Along with this, harvesting is a socio-economie issue to continue any system generation after generation. Different dynamical behaviors for these situations have been illustrated numerically also. The biological implications of our analytical and numerical findings are discussed critically.
基金This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 10761004, the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia under Grant Nos. 2009MS0107 and 2010MS01116, the Talent Development Foundation of Inner Mongolia （2007）, and the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia University of Technology under Grant No. X200934.
文摘The randomized response （RR） technique is an effective survey method when collecting sensitive information. This paper proposes a new non-randomized response model for survey sampling with polychotomous sensitive questions： Two-valued response technique. The proportion of the sensitive attribute and its estimator＇s variance are estimated under the simple random sampling without replacement and with replacement designs. The relation between the efficiency and the protection of privacy is discussed. The result indicates that the efficiency is in conflict with protection of privacy in the new proposed model, which is the same as that in the RR technique, but the new technique has better characteristics in sociological practice aspects than the RR technique, because it is of low cost, saving time and being operated easily.
