With the rapid changes of demographic and socio-economic structure, various ecological and environmental problems have emerged in peri-urban areas. Studies on the correlation between socio-economic development and eco...With the rapid changes of demographic and socio-economic structure, various ecological and environmental problems have emerged in peri-urban areas. Studies on the correlation between socio-economic development and eco-environmental preservation are inadequate. This paper analyzes the landscape pattern of peri-urban areas to address this issue. First, it studies the differentiation of economic development levels in Beijing peri-urban areas. Then, it explores the correlation between economic development level of each town and its landscape pattern using Pearson Correlation and grade difference indices. Furthermore, it summarizes the problems within current landscape pattern. Three conclusions are drawn from the analysis: (1) on the whole, the economic de- velopment level in Beijing peri-urban areas basically matches with landscape pattern; (2) landscape contagion degree decreases with the growth of economic development level in as much as 30% of Beijing peri-urban areas. This is an irrational phenomenon accord- ing to our judgment; (3) landscape fragmentation grades in more than half of the towns are higher than their economic development grades, suggesting that attention should be paid to excessive fragmentation of land use.展开更多
Community structure is an important characteristic in real complex network.It is a network consists ofgroups of nodes within which links are dense but among which links are sparse.In this paper, the evolving network i...Community structure is an important characteristic in real complex network.It is a network consists ofgroups of nodes within which links are dense but among which links are sparse.In this paper, the evolving network includenode, link and community growth and we apply the community size preferential attachment and strength preferentialattachment to a growing weighted network model and utilize weight assigning mechanism from BBV model.Theresulting network reflects the intrinsic community structure with generalized power-law distributions of nodes'degreesand strengths.展开更多
It is a very hard job for historians to keep themselves neutrals in from of the events they find during their studies. It is also difficult to notice the correlations among the different times of the history without f...It is a very hard job for historians to keep themselves neutrals in from of the events they find during their studies. It is also difficult to notice the correlations among the different times of the history without falling in anachronistic mistakes. In fact, it is well-known that a historian must be wise and rational when he finds those correlations, because every society has its own characteristics, structures, and mentality. This brief essay focuses on the social structures in a north eastern italic region, which is called Friuli, between the 12th and 16th centuries. In the above mentioned centuries, it is possible to notice an evolution from a feudal ecclesiastical principality, ruled by prince-patriarchs, ecclesiastical institutions and nobility, to a more fluid and dynamic constitution formed by new classes which rose up in times of urban and economic development. But this development struggles to delete the old system, which persisted until the end of 18th century with the arrival of Napoleon. The transition from the Patriarch＇s power to Venice＇s dominion seems to have created two main consequences： by one hand a more bureaucratic and modem structure of the State, by the other hand a consolidation of the old connections between patrons and clients, consequence of the ＂modem＂ feudal system that consolidated its roots in the Late Middle Ages centuries.展开更多
Natural habitat ofHippophae salicifolia in Central Himalaya is continuously being degraded due to habitat destruction and harvesting. Although logging is prohibited, habitat destruction has increased because of regula...Natural habitat ofHippophae salicifolia in Central Himalaya is continuously being degraded due to habitat destruction and harvesting. Although logging is prohibited, habitat destruction has increased because of regular road construction, repairing and broadening activities. In addition, Hippophae resources are continuously being harvested by lopping （both partial and complete） for fuelwood, fodder and fruits in higher Himalayan region. This paper presents a detailed analysis of relationship between density, demographic structure, and harvesting of H. salicifolia growing pockets in the five major valleys （Gangotri, Yamunotri, Niti, Mana and Bhyundhar） of Uttarakhand in Central Himalaya, India. A total of 12o quadrats were laid randomly to study population structure, regeneration, sex ratio and lopping using quadrats of lOO m2 （a4 in each valley） in Hippophae growing patches. Our study shows that the density, size distribution, and regeneration of Hippophae vary considerably among the major valleys. Trees in the Yamunotri valley have the highest density of large trees but the lowest density of seedlings. In contrast, there are few large trees but many seedlings in the Mana valley. The number and size of lopped trees also varied among the valleys. Lopping was greatest in Bhyundhar （11.4%） and Yamunotri （19.7%） and least in Niti （3.9%）. The size of lopped trees differed substantially as well. In Bhyundhar, the largest trees were taken while saplings were taken in Yamunotri. Our study revealed that unsustainable harvesting from plants for fuel, fencing and fruits along with road broadening activities in Central Himalaya are the main cause ofhabitat destruction. Our research highlights the urgent need for in-situ and ex-situ conservation of Hippophae salicifolia so that it＇s potential can be harnessed sustainably by rural hill societies for their socio-economic development.展开更多
The paper investigates the places of an urban region inside a Biosphere Reserve in southern Brazil and explores the potentialities for synergies between their biological and sociocultural systems. It assumes： （i） t...The paper investigates the places of an urban region inside a Biosphere Reserve in southern Brazil and explores the potentialities for synergies between their biological and sociocultural systems. It assumes： （i） the perception of their regional rootedness works beneficially for enhancing sustainability; （ii） current progress in place＇s conceptualization helps in the quest for sustainability, since the core factors of the concept deal precisely with the relationships between people and environment. The paper works both with the perception of existing, as invented places, analysing the perception they stimulate. Real places are seen as socially constructed; invented places, as economically promoted. Selection of empirical regional cases is based on their： perception （real and invented places）; scale （urban and ex-urban）; management （public or private）. In the area of Architecture-Urbanism, place is a created environmental form, imbued with symbolic significance to its users. In the present shift of paradigms from modernism to postmodernism, the discipline evolves towards a more thorough concern with the philosophical implications of places on phenomenological grounds. Also, the making and marketing of new places become increasingly accepted as influential tools to foster prosperity and well-being, by means of the economic development attributed to the creation of places. The concerted private and public management of the region＇s places and the restrained design they presently employ are providing grounds for an affluent development, showing a wise use of the regional resources. Altogether, it seems inhabitants have learned how to work in conjunction with the environment. This hints at a clear manifestation of sustainable development, worth investigating. Presumably, the concept of place, positioned as it is at the very interface of physical, social, economic and behavioural disciplines, seems to provide a likely means for tackling the challenges for a sustained regional development planning.展开更多
This paper presents a knowledge resources perspective for territorial competitiveness and sustainability. The latter is defined as a pathway promoted by a plurality of public and private actors, in the for-profit and ...This paper presents a knowledge resources perspective for territorial competitiveness and sustainability. The latter is defined as a pathway promoted by a plurality of public and private actors, in the for-profit and non-profit sectors, who find that relationships and social cohesion are the drivers for the construction of shared territorial governance. This study integrates an extensive literature review with data from longitudinal empirical research. Authors have adopted the methodology of qualitative research-based case study. In particular, this paper focused the analysis on a project of territorial governance promoted in the Marches region of Italy. This region was selected as a case study, because it is emblematic of the Italian context; the territory is characterized by small businesses diffused throughout the socio-economic fabric and by the proactive role taken by local governments. The perspective offers a powerful instrument for raising awareness of the gaps that local policymakers should address through their initiatives in the knowledge economy.展开更多
After entering the aging society, the pension problem of the elderly population has become an urgent problem to be solved in the current and future social life of our country. The rapid growth of the elderly populatio...After entering the aging society, the pension problem of the elderly population has become an urgent problem to be solved in the current and future social life of our country. The rapid growth of the elderly population will inevitably bring about changes in the family structures, which leads to the inevitable development trend of the old-age pension institutions for the elderly. With the progress of the society, the needs of the elderly for the old-age pension are not only satisfied with their life care, but also with the spiritual needs. Based on the planning contents of the 13th Five-Year Plan for the elderly, on the basis of the Maslow＇s demand level theory, this paper analyzes the present status of the services of the institutions for the elderly to the elderly psychological health, and concludes that the needs of the emotions of the elderly, the needs of their self-esteem, the needs of their self-realization and their physiological needs of the elderly and their security needs are equally important.展开更多
Either from the perspective of the finite supply capacity of global resources and energy,or from the perspective of global environment restrictive conditions,developing countries can not repeat the old development roa...Either from the perspective of the finite supply capacity of global resources and energy,or from the perspective of global environment restrictive conditions,developing countries can not repeat the old development road of developed countries,either in view of the international pressure China is currently facing,or in view of China's own resources endowment and stages of development,we must actively face such a challenge of climate change.We must recognize that the issue of climate change may be a great restraint to the present and future eco-social development,and may also be an important driving force and new opportunity to push forward the transformation of development pattern,to take a new road of industrialization and to realize sustainable development.This demands us,on the one hand,to take the Scientific Outlook of Development as the guide to make efforts to control the emission of greenhouse gases and continuously increase the capability of adapting to climatic change,and set up the overall plan to respond to climate change of our country,and on the other hand,we should unswervingly take the road of sustainable development,save energy,optimize energy structure and strengthen biological protection in slowing and adapting to climate change.展开更多
This paper examines the relationship between family structure and junior high school students’educational and psychosocial development and its intermediate mechanisms.Our findings show,firstly,that family structure a...This paper examines the relationship between family structure and junior high school students’educational and psychosocial development and its intermediate mechanisms.Our findings show,firstly,that family structure affects children’s development,and children living with both parents have better educational and psychosocial development than those without one or both parents.Secondly,family structure affects children’s development to some extent through the two mechanisms of family socioeconomic status and parental participation in education.Thirdly,fathers and mothers play different roles in children’s development.Mothers are more important to children’s educational development,while fathers are more important to their psychosocial development.In addition,the distribution of family structure shows marked group heterogeneity,and families lacking both parents tend to be groups with a lower socioeconomic status.Since adolescent development is closely related to the acquisition of socioeconomic status in adulthood,the negative impact of parental absence on children’s development should not be neglected by academics and policy researchers.展开更多
As an influential theory of social science, governance theory has played a prominent role in development studies over the last two decades. Because this theory originates from the Western society, Chinese academics ha...As an influential theory of social science, governance theory has played a prominent role in development studies over the last two decades. Because this theory originates from the Western society, Chinese academics have disagreed about its applicability in China, which has essentially different conditions in democracy, rule of law, and civil society from the western society. It is argued in this paper that Chinese scholars should neither take its applicability for granted based on the strong solicitude for the reality of China, nor conclude that the governance theory is not applicable in China based on rigid structural analysis. Jessop＇s Strategic- Relational Approach presents an enlightenment of practical value that actors＇ choice of strategies and actions needs investigating based on an objective understanding of the structural background. Under the existing political-administrative system of fragmented authoritarianism, C^a civil society has already developed into ＂a dynamic force outside the state system,＂ entitled to certain participation in public affairs. Such novel understanding is of great significance in developing both the study and practice of governance in China.展开更多
文摘With the rapid changes of demographic and socio-economic structure, various ecological and environmental problems have emerged in peri-urban areas. Studies on the correlation between socio-economic development and eco-environmental preservation are inadequate. This paper analyzes the landscape pattern of peri-urban areas to address this issue. First, it studies the differentiation of economic development levels in Beijing peri-urban areas. Then, it explores the correlation between economic development level of each town and its landscape pattern using Pearson Correlation and grade difference indices. Furthermore, it summarizes the problems within current landscape pattern. Three conclusions are drawn from the analysis: (1) on the whole, the economic de- velopment level in Beijing peri-urban areas basically matches with landscape pattern; (2) landscape contagion degree decreases with the growth of economic development level in as much as 30% of Beijing peri-urban areas. This is an irrational phenomenon accord- ing to our judgment; (3) landscape fragmentation grades in more than half of the towns are higher than their economic development grades, suggesting that attention should be paid to excessive fragmentation of land use.
基金Supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China under Grant No.10832006PuJiang Project of Shanghai under Grant No.09PJ1405000+1 种基金Key Disciplines of Shanghai Municipality (S30104)Research Grant of Shanghai University under Grant No.SHUCX092014
文摘Community structure is an important characteristic in real complex network.It is a network consists ofgroups of nodes within which links are dense but among which links are sparse.In this paper, the evolving network includenode, link and community growth and we apply the community size preferential attachment and strength preferentialattachment to a growing weighted network model and utilize weight assigning mechanism from BBV model.Theresulting network reflects the intrinsic community structure with generalized power-law distributions of nodes'degreesand strengths.
文摘It is a very hard job for historians to keep themselves neutrals in from of the events they find during their studies. It is also difficult to notice the correlations among the different times of the history without falling in anachronistic mistakes. In fact, it is well-known that a historian must be wise and rational when he finds those correlations, because every society has its own characteristics, structures, and mentality. This brief essay focuses on the social structures in a north eastern italic region, which is called Friuli, between the 12th and 16th centuries. In the above mentioned centuries, it is possible to notice an evolution from a feudal ecclesiastical principality, ruled by prince-patriarchs, ecclesiastical institutions and nobility, to a more fluid and dynamic constitution formed by new classes which rose up in times of urban and economic development. But this development struggles to delete the old system, which persisted until the end of 18th century with the arrival of Napoleon. The transition from the Patriarch＇s power to Venice＇s dominion seems to have created two main consequences： by one hand a more bureaucratic and modem structure of the State, by the other hand a consolidation of the old connections between patrons and clients, consequence of the ＂modem＂ feudal system that consolidated its roots in the Late Middle Ages centuries.
基金Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi,India is thankfully acknowledged for financial support
文摘Natural habitat ofHippophae salicifolia in Central Himalaya is continuously being degraded due to habitat destruction and harvesting. Although logging is prohibited, habitat destruction has increased because of regular road construction, repairing and broadening activities. In addition, Hippophae resources are continuously being harvested by lopping （both partial and complete） for fuelwood, fodder and fruits in higher Himalayan region. This paper presents a detailed analysis of relationship between density, demographic structure, and harvesting of H. salicifolia growing pockets in the five major valleys （Gangotri, Yamunotri, Niti, Mana and Bhyundhar） of Uttarakhand in Central Himalaya, India. A total of 12o quadrats were laid randomly to study population structure, regeneration, sex ratio and lopping using quadrats of lOO m2 （a4 in each valley） in Hippophae growing patches. Our study shows that the density, size distribution, and regeneration of Hippophae vary considerably among the major valleys. Trees in the Yamunotri valley have the highest density of large trees but the lowest density of seedlings. In contrast, there are few large trees but many seedlings in the Mana valley. The number and size of lopped trees also varied among the valleys. Lopping was greatest in Bhyundhar （11.4%） and Yamunotri （19.7%） and least in Niti （3.9%）. The size of lopped trees differed substantially as well. In Bhyundhar, the largest trees were taken while saplings were taken in Yamunotri. Our study revealed that unsustainable harvesting from plants for fuel, fencing and fruits along with road broadening activities in Central Himalaya are the main cause ofhabitat destruction. Our research highlights the urgent need for in-situ and ex-situ conservation of Hippophae salicifolia so that it＇s potential can be harnessed sustainably by rural hill societies for their socio-economic development.
文摘The paper investigates the places of an urban region inside a Biosphere Reserve in southern Brazil and explores the potentialities for synergies between their biological and sociocultural systems. It assumes： （i） the perception of their regional rootedness works beneficially for enhancing sustainability; （ii） current progress in place＇s conceptualization helps in the quest for sustainability, since the core factors of the concept deal precisely with the relationships between people and environment. The paper works both with the perception of existing, as invented places, analysing the perception they stimulate. Real places are seen as socially constructed; invented places, as economically promoted. Selection of empirical regional cases is based on their： perception （real and invented places）; scale （urban and ex-urban）; management （public or private）. In the area of Architecture-Urbanism, place is a created environmental form, imbued with symbolic significance to its users. In the present shift of paradigms from modernism to postmodernism, the discipline evolves towards a more thorough concern with the philosophical implications of places on phenomenological grounds. Also, the making and marketing of new places become increasingly accepted as influential tools to foster prosperity and well-being, by means of the economic development attributed to the creation of places. The concerted private and public management of the region＇s places and the restrained design they presently employ are providing grounds for an affluent development, showing a wise use of the regional resources. Altogether, it seems inhabitants have learned how to work in conjunction with the environment. This hints at a clear manifestation of sustainable development, worth investigating. Presumably, the concept of place, positioned as it is at the very interface of physical, social, economic and behavioural disciplines, seems to provide a likely means for tackling the challenges for a sustained regional development planning.
文摘This paper presents a knowledge resources perspective for territorial competitiveness and sustainability. The latter is defined as a pathway promoted by a plurality of public and private actors, in the for-profit and non-profit sectors, who find that relationships and social cohesion are the drivers for the construction of shared territorial governance. This study integrates an extensive literature review with data from longitudinal empirical research. Authors have adopted the methodology of qualitative research-based case study. In particular, this paper focused the analysis on a project of territorial governance promoted in the Marches region of Italy. This region was selected as a case study, because it is emblematic of the Italian context; the territory is characterized by small businesses diffused throughout the socio-economic fabric and by the proactive role taken by local governments. The perspective offers a powerful instrument for raising awareness of the gaps that local policymakers should address through their initiatives in the knowledge economy.
文摘After entering the aging society, the pension problem of the elderly population has become an urgent problem to be solved in the current and future social life of our country. The rapid growth of the elderly population will inevitably bring about changes in the family structures, which leads to the inevitable development trend of the old-age pension institutions for the elderly. With the progress of the society, the needs of the elderly for the old-age pension are not only satisfied with their life care, but also with the spiritual needs. Based on the planning contents of the 13th Five-Year Plan for the elderly, on the basis of the Maslow＇s demand level theory, this paper analyzes the present status of the services of the institutions for the elderly to the elderly psychological health, and concludes that the needs of the emotions of the elderly, the needs of their self-esteem, the needs of their self-realization and their physiological needs of the elderly and their security needs are equally important.
文摘Either from the perspective of the finite supply capacity of global resources and energy,or from the perspective of global environment restrictive conditions,developing countries can not repeat the old development road of developed countries,either in view of the international pressure China is currently facing,or in view of China's own resources endowment and stages of development,we must actively face such a challenge of climate change.We must recognize that the issue of climate change may be a great restraint to the present and future eco-social development,and may also be an important driving force and new opportunity to push forward the transformation of development pattern,to take a new road of industrialization and to realize sustainable development.This demands us,on the one hand,to take the Scientific Outlook of Development as the guide to make efforts to control the emission of greenhouse gases and continuously increase the capability of adapting to climatic change,and set up the overall plan to respond to climate change of our country,and on the other hand,we should unswervingly take the road of sustainable development,save energy,optimize energy structure and strengthen biological protection in slowing and adapting to climate change.
文摘This paper examines the relationship between family structure and junior high school students’educational and psychosocial development and its intermediate mechanisms.Our findings show,firstly,that family structure affects children’s development,and children living with both parents have better educational and psychosocial development than those without one or both parents.Secondly,family structure affects children’s development to some extent through the two mechanisms of family socioeconomic status and parental participation in education.Thirdly,fathers and mothers play different roles in children’s development.Mothers are more important to children’s educational development,while fathers are more important to their psychosocial development.In addition,the distribution of family structure shows marked group heterogeneity,and families lacking both parents tend to be groups with a lower socioeconomic status.Since adolescent development is closely related to the acquisition of socioeconomic status in adulthood,the negative impact of parental absence on children’s development should not be neglected by academics and policy researchers.
文摘As an influential theory of social science, governance theory has played a prominent role in development studies over the last two decades. Because this theory originates from the Western society, Chinese academics have disagreed about its applicability in China, which has essentially different conditions in democracy, rule of law, and civil society from the western society. It is argued in this paper that Chinese scholars should neither take its applicability for granted based on the strong solicitude for the reality of China, nor conclude that the governance theory is not applicable in China based on rigid structural analysis. Jessop＇s Strategic- Relational Approach presents an enlightenment of practical value that actors＇ choice of strategies and actions needs investigating based on an objective understanding of the structural background. Under the existing political-administrative system of fragmented authoritarianism, C^a civil society has already developed into ＂a dynamic force outside the state system,＂ entitled to certain participation in public affairs. Such novel understanding is of great significance in developing both the study and practice of governance in China.
