性别歧视的历史印记与平等话语的建构

语言中的性别歧视在历史的长河中不间歇地留下了无数的印记,无论是英汉语言的语汇、称谓,还是文学作品的话语,每个不同的层面无不被打上了性别歧视的烙印。论文用翔实的语料分析了语言性别歧视现象及其生理、社会认知、传统文化以及大众传媒等方面的成因,并从政治话语、大众传媒以及文学作品等方面深入探讨了两性平等话语的建构。

Narcissism： Theories of Self and Knowledge with Reference to the Notion of Reflection

This paper analyzes the concept of Narcissism which stands behind the theory and critique of particular psychological manifestations of personality. I argue that this concept is essentially a trope of reflection and that reflection is thought of itself as itself which involves a ＂turning around upon oneself.＂ But we do not see ourselves as we actually are, or in our entirety as a physical entity; self knowledge is limited by our nature. What we do not see or attend to is glossed over with the idealizations that are attached to our interest and these are informed by instinctual, or unconscious, intent. The relation between self and other is both contained by and expressed in interpersonal and societal interaction, but still there is an inner aspect that remains sovereign and intimate. Societal values inform our identity, but cannot touch the inner self （or intimate self）. We only ever experience ourselves no matter how similar or intimate we are to others. Although physically different from others we mostly aim to be known （identified） in accordance with our own sense of value and self estimation, yet we do not escape judgment from others. One may resist any evidence or opinions about themselves from others that are not in accord with this sense of self value whilst easily accepting ideas and values to be true or accurate facts about them that they only wish to be true. From these two sources of ideas of oneself, internal and externally derived, we form a sense of ourself in comparison to ideal others. This sense of identity informs our actions and choices. We may continually monitor the effect our self-belief has on others and adjust our self-attitude accordingly. Or we may fail to see that others do not share those beliefs we have about ourselves （e.g., a job interview）. Narcissism is a human tendency to either exaggerate or underrate one＇s power or beauty and this leads to false self beliefs. These ideas about oneself are ego-syntonic, within the boundary of the ego, and are thus not （immediately） experienced as being false. Thus, the question as to what is real and what is imagined is at stake in considering how we reflect upon a self which is essentially also a reflection of how others see them. The concept of Narcissism involves this inviolable choice to act for ourself or for others＇ sake in the pursuit of freedom and satisfaction in social interactions. Taken as an axiologicaUy neutral mode of analysis, Narcissism illuminates the problem of being self in the world of others and goes to the possibility of self determination and knowledge. Specifically, I aim to show that self reflection is the key element of the idea or thought of self, but that form of reflection alone is not enough to ensure error since it is based on a fundamental illusion of ego integrity. However, the attentive mindfulness or open ideation of a purer form of thought which I term ＂active reflection＂ allows the possibility of new perspectives hitherto unavailable to the self to form, ensuring that rectification can proceed from experience

长任期CEO薪酬现象的理论诠释

CEO任期的长短显著影响着董事会关于CEO薪酬的决策过程,CEO薪酬的总体水平随着其任期的延长而上升,薪酬体系的设计也日益趋向于迎合CEO的个人偏好。这种长任期CEO薪酬现象,虽然有悖委托代理理论的内在逻辑,但却是一个客观存在的事实。本文试图跳出委托代理理论的窠臼,从人力资本、经理主义和社会心理等视角对长任期CEO薪酬现象进行阐释,揭示导致长任期CEO薪酬现象的深层机理,并且对董事会关于长任期CEO薪酬决策的本真面貌进行还原。