The aim of the article is to connect the model of cognitive metonymy with the model of types of denotative equivalence highlighting the explanatory potential of the model of cognitive metonymy for describing and clari...The aim of the article is to connect the model of cognitive metonymy with the model of types of denotative equivalence highlighting the explanatory potential of the model of cognitive metonymy for describing and clarifying the use and occurrence of word equivalents in the English translations of the Brothers＇ Grimm fairy tales by Margaret Taylor （1914） and Jack Zipes （1987）. The Fairy Tales of the Brothers Grimm （GFT） can be seen in a wide sense as a source of the history of culture and social life in the German speaking countries of the nineteenth century. Culture-bound words refer to a special cultural knowledge, which is in a historical sense not or not completely compatible with the structure of knowledge in our present days, and refer to a common cultural knowledge of the community of German speaking countries as well. This article describes the ways of using English equivalents in the translations of the GFT including lexical and cognitive procedures, which stand behind the use of certain equivalents. This leads to the theoretical question： Is it possible to extend the model of denotative equivalence using features of conceptual metonymy in rendering culture-bound words in the target texts？ Investigating this, there can be established modifications in the theory of conceptual metonymy in the framework of cognitive linguistics.展开更多
Social network structures can crucially impact complex social processes such as collective behaviour or the transmission of information and diseases. However, currently it is poorly understood how social networks chan...Social network structures can crucially impact complex social processes such as collective behaviour or the transmission of information and diseases. However, currently it is poorly understood how social networks change over time. Previous studies on primates suggest that ＇knockouts＇ （due to death or dispersal） of high-ranking individuals might be important drivers for structural changes in animal social networks. Here we test this hypothesis using long-term data on a natural population of ba- boons, examining the effects of 29 natural knockouts of alpha or beta males on adult female social networks. We investigated whether and how knockouts affected （i） changes in grooming and association rates among adult females, and （2） changes in mean degree and global clustering coefficient in these networks. The only significant effect that we found was a decrease in mean degree in grooming networks in the first month after knockouts, but this decrease was rather small, and grooming networks re- bounded to baseline levels by the second month after knockouts. Taken together our results indicate that the removal of high-ranking males has only limited or no lasting effects on social networks of adult female baboons. This finding calls into question the hypothesis that the removal of high-ranking individuals has a destabilizing effect on social network structures in social animals [Current Zoology 61 （1）： 107-113, 2015].展开更多
Stanley Milgram's small world experiment presents "six degrees of separation" of our world.One phenomenon of the experiment still puzzling us is that how individuals operating with the social network inf...Stanley Milgram's small world experiment presents "six degrees of separation" of our world.One phenomenon of the experiment still puzzling us is that how individuals operating with the social network information with their characteristics can be very adept at finding the short chains. The previous works on this issue focus whether on the methods of navigation in a given network structure,or on the effects of additional information to the searching process. In this paper, the authors emphasize that the growth and shape of network architecture is tightly related to the individuals' attributes. The authors introduce a method to reconstruct nodes' intimacy degree based on local interaction. Then we provide an intimacy based approach for orientation in networks. The authors find that the basic reason of efficient search in social networks is that the degree of "intimacy" of each pair of nodes decays with the length of their shortest path exponentially. Meanwhile, the model can explain the hubs limitation which was observed in real-world experiment.展开更多
文摘The aim of the article is to connect the model of cognitive metonymy with the model of types of denotative equivalence highlighting the explanatory potential of the model of cognitive metonymy for describing and clarifying the use and occurrence of word equivalents in the English translations of the Brothers＇ Grimm fairy tales by Margaret Taylor （1914） and Jack Zipes （1987）. The Fairy Tales of the Brothers Grimm （GFT） can be seen in a wide sense as a source of the history of culture and social life in the German speaking countries of the nineteenth century. Culture-bound words refer to a special cultural knowledge, which is in a historical sense not or not completely compatible with the structure of knowledge in our present days, and refer to a common cultural knowledge of the community of German speaking countries as well. This article describes the ways of using English equivalents in the translations of the GFT including lexical and cognitive procedures, which stand behind the use of certain equivalents. This leads to the theoretical question： Is it possible to extend the model of denotative equivalence using features of conceptual metonymy in rendering culture-bound words in the target texts？ Investigating this, there can be established modifications in the theory of conceptual metonymy in the framework of cognitive linguistics.
文摘Social network structures can crucially impact complex social processes such as collective behaviour or the transmission of information and diseases. However, currently it is poorly understood how social networks change over time. Previous studies on primates suggest that ＇knockouts＇ （due to death or dispersal） of high-ranking individuals might be important drivers for structural changes in animal social networks. Here we test this hypothesis using long-term data on a natural population of ba- boons, examining the effects of 29 natural knockouts of alpha or beta males on adult female social networks. We investigated whether and how knockouts affected （i） changes in grooming and association rates among adult females, and （2） changes in mean degree and global clustering coefficient in these networks. The only significant effect that we found was a decrease in mean degree in grooming networks in the first month after knockouts, but this decrease was rather small, and grooming networks re- bounded to baseline levels by the second month after knockouts. Taken together our results indicate that the removal of high-ranking males has only limited or no lasting effects on social networks of adult female baboons. This finding calls into question the hypothesis that the removal of high-ranking individuals has a destabilizing effect on social network structures in social animals [Current Zoology 61 （1）： 107-113, 2015].
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.61203156,61374175,and 61573065
文摘Stanley Milgram's small world experiment presents "six degrees of separation" of our world.One phenomenon of the experiment still puzzling us is that how individuals operating with the social network information with their characteristics can be very adept at finding the short chains. The previous works on this issue focus whether on the methods of navigation in a given network structure,or on the effects of additional information to the searching process. In this paper, the authors emphasize that the growth and shape of network architecture is tightly related to the individuals' attributes. The authors introduce a method to reconstruct nodes' intimacy degree based on local interaction. Then we provide an intimacy based approach for orientation in networks. The authors find that the basic reason of efficient search in social networks is that the degree of "intimacy" of each pair of nodes decays with the length of their shortest path exponentially. Meanwhile, the model can explain the hubs limitation which was observed in real-world experiment.
