近代英法美三国宪政民主制成败原因考——以社会结社为视阈

影响近代英法美三国政体发展不同的一个关键因素是,社会结社在三国发展的分殊流变,以及由此带来的法律与权力关系样态的变化。近代英国宪政民主制的成功,得益于英国自中世纪以来一直存续和坚守了社会结社、多元权力共存结构和法律至上传统,即使代议制民主的出现也没有改变此格局;近代法国宪政民主制的失败,很大程度上源于中世纪晚期以来社会结社受毁,最终引发了单一权力中心的权力至上强化和法律至上传统的丧失;近代美国宪政民主制的成功,受益于继受和发展了其殖民母国——英国的社会结社、多元权力共存结构和法律至上传统。社会结社视阈下考察近代英法美三国宪政民主制的成败原因,具有事半功倍效果。

白族社会性别结社与族群认同

大理茈碧白族村落的"打老友"、"十姊妹十兄弟"、"洞经会和莲池会"是农村男女两性在不同时期不同年龄阶段的社会性别结社组织,这三种结社组织中不断强化着村民的白族认同。随着男女两性社会性别结社组织人数的不断扩大,白族的民族认同也不断增强。

社会性别结社中的白族传统体育——以大理茈碧地区为例

大理茈碧各村的白族有着按年龄层次不同的社会性别结社;打歌、赛龙舟、游泳等民族传统体育项目是构成社会性别结社的主要活动之一;白族传统体育活动增强了族群团结和族群认同,也进一步丰富了社会性别结社的内容、促进了社会性别结社的健康发展。白族传统体育活动与社会性别结社的良性互动,有利于建设稳定、和谐的白族农村社区,是加快社会整合和民族传统体育发展的不可或缺的重要内容。

结社权法律化的现实路径

本文是"结社权法律化和社会组织立法系列沙龙"之三,由清华大学NGO研究所、明德公益研究中心和《中国非营利评论》编辑部联合举办。关于结社立法,我国在20世纪80年代就已经开始讨论,并且起草了法案,但由于种种政治或社会原因,一直没有出台。本文讨论了结社权的基本性质、结社立法在当代中国的可能性与必要性,也讨论了分散立法和集中立法的关于结社权法律化的不同形式,同时探讨了社会组织基本法制定与结社立法之间的关系。与会专家一致认为,结社立法是中国法治化的重要标志,也是实现宪治、推进宪法实施的必要条件。

Research on Community Structure in Bus Transport Networks

We abstract the bus transport networks(BTNs)to two kinds of complex networks with space L and spaceP methods respectively.Using improved community detecting algorithm(PKM agglomerative algorithm),we analyzethe community property of two kinds of BTNs graphs.The results show that the BTNs graph described with space Lmethod have obvious community property,but the other kind of BTNs graph described with space P method have not.The reason is that the BTNs graph described with space P method have the intense overlapping community propertyand general community division algorithms can not identify this kind of community structure.To overcome this problem,we propose a novel community structure called N-depth community and present a corresponding community detectingalgorithm,which can detect overlapping community.Applying the novel community structure and detecting algorithmto a BTN evolution model described with space P,whose network property agrees well with real BTNs',we get obviouscommunity property.

Correlation Between Economic Development Level and Landscape Pattern in Beijing Peri-urban Areas

With the rapid changes of demographic and socio-economic structure, various ecological and environmental problems have emerged in peri-urban areas. Studies on the correlation between socio-economic development and eco-environmental preservation are inadequate. This paper analyzes the landscape pattern of peri-urban areas to address this issue. First, it studies the differentiation of economic development levels in Beijing peri-urban areas. Then, it explores the correlation between economic development level of each town and its landscape pattern using Pearson Correlation and grade difference indices. Furthermore, it summarizes the problems within current landscape pattern. Three conclusions are drawn from the analysis: (1) on the whole, the economic de- velopment level in Beijing peri-urban areas basically matches with landscape pattern; (2) landscape contagion degree decreases with the growth of economic development level in as much as 30% of Beijing peri-urban areas. This is an irrational phenomenon accord- ing to our judgment; (3) landscape fragmentation grades in more than half of the towns are higher than their economic development grades, suggesting that attention should be paid to excessive fragmentation of land use.

Inclusive Intergenerational Experiences With Elderly and Minor People： A New Horizon for Inclusion？

The research presents the progressive increase of lifelong education and its influence on the paradigm of socio-educational inclusion. Today＇s society is characterized by its increasing aspiration and demand for activities of social promotion and personal development, that is, activities that tend to reinforce the social fabric in its human and community values, in the elimination of loneliness, or increasing the quality of life, through the full enjoyment of civic rights, common cultural property, or participation in the opportunities offered by public and community life The older population has transformed their habits, integrating new values generated by social changes. In turn, it leads to possible changes in social intervention. These include training, leisure, tourism, social skills development, the use of the Internet as a tool for knowledge and communication, and social participation. These new social behaviors can be an opportunity to build a more cohesive and supportive society, without generational breaches And this line, the attention to diversity and its even processes seeks to expand its reach, generating intergenerational spaces

Safe Space of Ideology

Our studies about safety in society lead us to the most popular book by Karl Mannheim： Ideology and Utopia. This work envisages the discrepancies between social knowledge and the material world itself. The crucial conclusion reads as follows： Our image of reality is mostly based on our interests and desires and does not rely on thorough research. There are two types of such representations： utopia and ideology. The first of them, less interesting for us, is the type of ideas which can revolutionize a social being. The second one is a particular set of visions which can never be realized but on the other hand they act as common knowledge （general knowledge of the world）--stabilizing the social structure by presenting it with a holistic image of the world. Taking the above into consideration, how is it possible that representations, being so distant from reality （creating a completely separate ＂world＂）, basically enable efficient functioning in it？ Ideology, being the foundation of the society＇s functioning space, should always be tautological, in the sense that for the participants of the given world＇s image （creation as it is）, it should define the being in a comprehensive and adequate way （in Thomas Aquinas spirit）. What is more, it would always be true. We should also mention that the main tools of ideology, understood this way, are specific definitions and the extrapolation of sense. The purpose of this lecture is to prove that it is possible for ideology to come to life, only when the individuals who acknowledge it will consider their image of reality proper. The above ideological system should be understood as the obviousness of description of the surrounding world which in return makes unreflective functioning in reality possible. This obviousness of the presented world will be referred to as social safety.

Tourism versus nature conservation: reconciliation of common interests and objectives——an analysis through Picos de Europa National Park

Nature tourism and particularly tourism in national parks have acquired significant importance in contemporary societies. Post-Fordist consumers have reevaluated the meanings of ‘nature' and ‘natural spaces' and now avoid standardization to seek singularity. Tourism in national parks is a consequence of this tendency and has both positive and negative aspects. The purpose of this sociological research is to describe the most relevant conflicts in the Picos de Europa National Park(Spain) involving the park's conservation, local economic development,and tourism. Seven in-depth interviews and three focus groups were addressed to key local stakeholders.In this research were identified three chief areas of existing or potential inter-related conflicts and the main actors interacting with them. The first is on population, particularly, the negative consequences of depopulations on the local socio-economic development and the environment. A second source of conflicts identified is caused by the difficult conciliation between commercial exploitation and conservation of the protected natural area. More precisely, this specific form of tourism positively contributes to the economy of local communities whilst problems can arise for the conservation goals of National Parks. Thirdly, in this research is also analyzed the institutional governance and the inter and intra-governmental conflicts as well as with the Park's management body. These findings provide important information for the improved management of tourism and conflicting interests in natural parks.

On the Differences of Early Utopian Visions Between China and Western Society

Utopian visions between China and Western society differed in their early stage. Words reflecting early Chinese utopian visions scattered in many ancient classics. Most of them were general depiction of an ideal society featured with equality, sympathy, preference for community autonomy and the social order ＂the whole world as one community＂. Early Western society witnessed many utopian monographs. Most of them offered detailed construction of social frame with emphasis on social function division, request for ideal authority, and property co-ownership as core of an ideal society.

Research on the third sector participation in the old service

Under the background of aging population, facing the silver wave of strikes, the whole society should prepare the attendant opportunities and chaUenges. The aging society is a big trend, and the phenomenon that can not be ignored will affect the life of each of us. Coincides with the party and the government advocates the policy background of the harmonious society, how to provide services effectively for the older age groups, not only related to the well-being of older age groups and will in the social relations of each individual has a personal positive externalities. So pay attention to the aging is a urgent measures, begin to solve problems caused by aging and meet with aging opportunities, only to rely on binary structure composed of government and business is slightly lack of power, we must to play a wide range of social forces involved. Social forces through the third deparunents in the form of organization, this paper focuses on the third sector to participate in the study of the old service.

Digital Public Communication in Europe for a European Public Sphere

In the last years, Europe has aimed at the creation of a new European public sphere that has grown beside and has not replaced the national ones; a public sphere in which the idea of Europe as a shared value, as a reality of nations, but also as a reality of regions and cities, can build and develop. This aim is the result of a long discussion that has led to consider the public communication as a fundamental instrument supporting the dialogue between institutions and citizens and the result of an important sociological debate. Communication is nowadays considered as a structural element of Union＇s programs, and the transformation of the media system, the possibilities of communication offered by the social media, and the growth of participatory cultures have opened new ways to the development of European public communication that can contribute to increasing the European public sphere. This process involves an awareness from institutions and their representatives on the use of social media （e.g., Facebook, Twitter, etc.） to improve the relationship with the citizens and to create a sense of belonging to Europe.

A Weighted Evolving Network with Community Size Preferential Attachment

Community structure is an important characteristic in real complex network.It is a network consists ofgroups of nodes within which links are dense but among which links are sparse.In this paper, the evolving network includenode, link and community growth and we apply the community size preferential attachment and strength preferentialattachment to a growing weighted network model and utilize weight assigning mechanism from BBV model.Theresulting network reflects the intrinsic community structure with generalized power-law distributions of nodes'degreesand strengths.

Research on spirit and culture of the elderly life under the multiple responsibility

With the transformation of population age structure and the extension of life expectancy, China has entered a rapid aging period. With development of social economy and the social security systcn~ the elderly spiritual and cultural needs is becoming more and more importantly. To the government, enterprise, society community, family and themselves, enriching the spirit and culture of the elderly life is a higher level of challenge.

Contemporary Youth Subcultures： The CDA Approach

In recent years, the cultural studies began to take a linguistic turn. This paper employed the three-dimensioned model of Fairclough, a critical discourse analysis （CDA） approach to explore youth subcultures. The cultural discourse of youth in different periods was examined in terms of discursive strategies, discursive practices, and social practices. The analysis shows that the subcultural groups adopt various discursive strategies to resist mainstream ideologies and construct the subcultural ideology and their collective identity. Meanwhile, their discursive practices build effective interaction mode within the subcultural groups. The examples of subcultures reveal that subcultures often emerge in the time of the social and cultural change and reshape the mainstream ideologies and unreasonable social structure.

中国社会组织的历史演变及其发生缘由

在竞争与比较的国家建设背景下,国家治理需要怎样的社会组织与公共服务作为合作对象,国家权力在社会治理中扮演着怎样的角色,都是当前中国亟需研究的命题。比较传统中国与现代中国社会组织的历史演变及其发生缘由,我们发现,在现代民族国家的建设过程中,国家权力与社会组织应当实现分治基础上的合作,国家要提供相应的法律制度,社会组织也应增强其自主性。

Analysis on the Causes of the Plight of Chinese Rural Migrant Workers＇ Endowment Insurance

At present, Chinese society is from traditional society to modern society in transition to accelerate, in the social, political, and economic structure, great changes have taken place; due to strong liquidity, migrant workers＇ groups in social security, are still in the stage of development, and there are still a lot of problems, especially the problem of endowment insurance. Although local governments develop the old-age insurance of migrant workers with their own characteristics, and have their respective advantages, but the effect is not ideal, as follows： ＂one low and one high＂, namely the migrant workers＇ participation rate was low and the insurance of migrant workers was ＂high rate of surrender＂. The reason is both within the Chinese social transformation factors, and external economic globalization competition; both obiectively, government policy implementation is not in place, and subjectively, migrant workers lack insured willing.

Community building in China:issues and directions

Community spirit is the real essence of community. By involvement in community life, people identify with the communities where they live and work. Thanks to its own distinctive history and cultural environment, Chinese society has a community development and social structure quite distinct from that of the West. Social organizations are not fully developed in China, and the government plays a dominant role in community development. Community building in China should cultivate residents＇ community consciousness, and be centered on specific social problems such as homelessness, unemployment, family care, poverty, etc.

Social cliques in male northern muriquis Brachyteles hypoxanthus

Analyses of spatial relationships and social interactions provide insights into the social structure of animal societies and the ways in which social preferences among and between dyads affect higher order social relationships. In this paper we de- scribe the patterns of spatial associations and social interactions among adult male northern muriquis in order to evaluate the dy- namics of their social networks above the dyadic levels. Systematic observations were made on the 17 adult males present in a multi-male/multi-female group from April 2004 through February 2005, and in July 2005. Analyses of their spatial relationships identified two distinct male cliques; some adult males （called ＂N＂ males） were more connected to the females and immatures than other adult males （＂MU＂ males）, which were more connected to one another. Affiliative interactions were significantly higher among dyads belonging to the same clique than to different cliques. Although frequencies of dyadic agonistic interactions were similarly low among individuals within and between cliques, MU males appeared to be subordinate to N males. Nonetheless, there were no significant differences in the copulation rates estimated for MU males and N males. Mutual benefits of cooperation between MU and N cliques in intergroup encounters might explain their ongoing associations in the same mixed-sex group

Comparison of residents' committees in two Chinese cities:Shanghai and Shenyang

The residents＇ committee as an affiliate of the sub-district office actually plays a role much greater than that of a ＂self-governing mass organization＂ as defined by law. Owing to path dependence arising from their long-time role as agents of the government, residents＇ committee staff are naturally used to regarding daily political administration closely related to community development as part of internal community affairs. Therefore, community building is essentially the construction of a governance structure in grassroots society, which entails state forces vacating some space to allow the self-operation of grass-roots society. To realize this goal, the critical precondition rests in that the management and services of the functional departments of government must hit the mark. Creative institutional reform involves establishing a community governance system consisting of a ＂community-building guidance committee （government agency）, community management committee （social association）, community workers （professional service body）, community residents＇ committee （community self-governing organization）.＂