中国科学社北美分社的兴衰(1922-1936)——基于哈佛燕京图书馆藏中国科学社北美分社档案的考察

中国科学社北美分社诞生于1922年,是中国科学社实际发展起来的唯一海外分社。关于中国科学社史的研究汗牛充栋,却罕见关于北美分社的研究。现存史料显示该分社在1922至1936年间,大体上保持了延续性发展。近年新发现的哈佛大学哈佛燕京图书馆藏中国科学社北美分社档案,为学界了解中国科学社北美分社的兴衰提供了条件。解读这些史料,基本可以还原北美分社1922至1936年间的历史面貌,这对于中国科学社史及中国近现代科学史研究大有裨益。

参观读卖新闻社

受日本青少年研究所的邀请,中国青少年素质教育研究实践基地北京市崇文区光明小学的教师和学生代表,于2002年7月11日～18日,到日本东京进行考察访问。访问期间,他们参观日本的中小学,和师生们一起度过一天学习生活;与当地社区的教育指导者和社区家庭代表进行教育交流;学生们还深入普通家庭,体验日本家庭的一日生活。此外,科学馆的神秘与新奇、读卖新闻社的高效与严谨、新干线列车的平稳与高速……给团员们留下深刻印象。让我们通过下面学生的访问照片和日记,一起感受访问生活。

金秋时节访何微

金秋时节,我们乘车赴古城西安,去拜访新闻界前辈、新闻学者何微.教授何微在解放前的战争年代曾任新华社记者,新华社分社社长;解放后又曾任陕西日报总编辑、陕西省社科院院长;致力于中国新闻思想史的研究,是一位成绩卓著的新闻学专家.

Gentrification and Residential Differentiation in Nanjing,China

The institutional environment in China has quite evidently changed during modern socio-economic transitions.Driven both by local government and by marketing force,urban social space was redistributed after the reform of urban land and real estate policies.Urban renewal makes for wide differential rent and therefore gentrification is occurring in China.This paper analyzes the background and institutional environment of gentrification in China,and further discusses the process,characteristics and evolutionary mechanisms in the case of Nanjing,through investigation of the attributes of 1075 residential communities built during the 1998-2008 at a macro level,and interviewing the residents and analyzing questionnaires in 6 different and typical communities at a micro level.As a socio-spatial course of two-way interaction,gentrification is divided into 3 stages of incubation,occurrence and fast development,according to the time of landmark events and policy reform on the leasehold of land in Nanjing during socio-economic transition.In terms of the socio-spatial characteristics of gentrification in Nanjing,the gentrification process under the trajectory of urban renewal makes urban social space present a new circle-layer structure;the rise of quite a number of gated communities results in the fragmentation of social space and privatization of public space;the management mode of modern communities and the change of life style have aggravated the indifference of neighborhood relationship of gentrified communities.Based on the empirical evidence of this study,this paper indicates that gentrification is quite different between China and western countries with respect to spatio-temporal order,dominant forces,paths of realization and spatial expression,and it further reveals the dynamic mechanism of gentrification developing in China at the present stage.

Social Construction Functions of Consumption Space under Stratification:The Case of Guangzhou

As Chinese cities rapidly transformed themselves into consumerist societies,the relationship between consumers and consumption space under stratification has become a new research area in the field of urban social geography.Based on a consumer behavior analysis,this study explores the relationship between consumption space and the social strata of consumers in typical shopping malls in Guangzhou where the first shopping mall in China was built.The result shows that shopping malls have performed significant constructive functions of organizing consumers from different social classes into different consumption space.For middle-and upper-class consumers,the function of shopping malls centers on utilitarian consumption,identity recognition,and identity construction;whereas for lower-class consumers,its function revolves around pleasure and enjoyment.The symbolism of consumption space is the underlying reason for shopping malls to have their social constructive function.The findings of this research suggest that:1) a shopping mall is a productive consumption space and a geographical space with subjectivity;2) the micro-location of a shopping mall has social construction function;and 3) symbolic consumption is the core of social construction.

Point-of-Interest Recommendation in LocationBased Social Networks with Personalized Geo-Social Influence

Point-of-interest(POI) recommendation is a popular topic on location-based social networks(LBSNs).Geographical proximity,known as a unique feature of LBSNs,significantly affects user check-in behavior.However,most of prior studies characterize the geographical influence based on a universal or personalized distribution of geographic distance,leading to unsatisfactory recommendation results.In this paper,the personalized geographical influence in a two-dimensional geographical space is modeled using the data field method,and we propose a semi-supervised probabilistic model based on a factor graph model to integrate different factors such as the geographical influence.Moreover,a distributed learning algorithm is used to scale up our method to large-scale data sets.Experimental results based on the data sets from Foursquare and Gowalla show that our method outperforms other competing POI recommendation techniques.

Analysis of Coupling between Soil and Water Conservation and Economic-social Development

The coupling relation exists in water and soil conser-vation and economic-social development. The article analyses the relation of soil and water conservation and economic-social development stages as well as the coupling analytical method. Then calculates the expecting income by dispersing Markov decision and calculates the correlation coefficient and the re-lationship degree. The article obtains the relationship of soil and water conservation investments and all kinds of incomes. Finally, it analyzes the important meaning in socio-economic development of water and soil conservation.

Research on the Gender Discrimination Phenomenon and the Primary Cause in English and Chinese Language

In this paper, we conduct research on the gender discrimination phenomenon and the primary cause in English and Chinese language. Language is a social phenomenon, so the restriction of the society but the culture is the foundation of the survival and development of human society cannot leave the culture at the same time. Due to physiological differences, men in the social practice play a more important role than woman burdened with a family. We analyze the gender discrimination phenomenon from different unique perspective to eventually understand the mechanism. In the future, we will combine the literature review to modify our proposed methodology.

Under the Skin. Intangible Components as the Basic Realities of Contemporary Post-bureaucratic Organizations： A Sociological Perspective

This article attempts to analyze, through a re-reading of the present sociological literature on the organization （that explores the organizations themselves in terms of ＂tacit＂ rather than ＂explicit＂, ＂socio-cultural systems＂ rather than ＂socio-technical systems＂）, the main intangible components that may affect the organizational live and all the organizing in general for the good or the evil, with respect to the ＂success＂ rather than the ＂failure＂ of the ＂in and out＂ organizational acting. There are then some sorts of ＂basic assumptions＂, deemed indispensable, also because they are still there and live in organizations but they do not always have a careful importance. Therefore the objective of the article is to describe them highlighting their salience and attempt to define parameters for further in-depth studies.

The Influence of Indian Culture on American English

Language and culture are inseparable. A language carries cultural message of a nation, which reflects the historical and cultural background of this nation, as well as people＇s thinking, social behavior and lifestyle. Culture records the social development and changes while social development and changes in a variety of things and phenomena will get accumulated and reflected in the language. In the collision of Indian culture and American English, Indian culture has left a deep imprint on American English. American English absorbs a large number of Indian vocabulary, including the names of animals, plants, and many other aspects of social life along with compound words. This paper mainly focuses on the influence of Indian culture on American English, and analyses semantic variants from Indian language in American English, including sound, spelling, semantic and syntactical change. With the tolerance of other languages and many borrowed Indian words, American English makes the 17th century become its starting point of continuous development and evolution.

Integrating Social Mapping with Geographic Information Systems： Community Network Analysis in Sharing Sweetpotato Innovations in Papua New Guinea

This research drew from social learning and international development literature. The purpose of this community research was to trace the spread and impact of sweetpotato flour in two rural communities in Papua New Guinea. Research strategy was participatory learning and action utilizing participatory mapping. The paper mapping process was documented using a video recorder and field notes. Geographic Information Systems technology was then used to incorporate local spatial knowledge on scale maps to show spread of knowledge. The main finding was the identification of social networks through tracking of sweetpotato knowledge： identifying who used the knowledge and whether there were any modifications, the location of those who used the knowledge and whether this was shared and with whom. Most significant was the enabling factors that strengthened existing and potential future networks. Community leadership styles determine success of development projects. Rural communities are diverse needing participatory multi-layered methodologies that are people oriented for agricultural technologies to be learnt and utilized for improved livelihood.

Research on Role Definition of Industry Association and Administrative Organ

Industry association is an important part of China＇s economic and social life, which plays an important role in these areas. However, due to various reasons, there exist some objective difficulties and problems for industry associations. In March 2013, Chinese government requires to clear relationship between govemment~ market and society, actively yet prudently carry forward the work of canceling the subordinate relations between industry associations and administrative organs, speed up the construction of modem social organizational system that is independent of government, and with well defined rights and responsibilities and self-governing by law. In such a background, it is especially necessary to deeply analyze the role definition of industry association and administrative organ, discuss how to clarify the role relationship between industry association and administrative organ, and consider how to promote the better and faster development of industry association. This paper has briefly introduced the development status and existing problems of industry association, and put forward relevant measures and suggestions to solve the problems.

Analysis of certain differential equation models in the economic system

The basic contradiction of socialist society is still a contradiction between the relations of production and productivity, the superstructure and the economic base. This contradiction is concentrated in the production relations and a series of interconnected links and aspects in the superstructure that don＇t match the development of the productivity, these links and they are concentrated in the economic system. Therefore, reforming the economic system is to reform the production relations and a series of interconnected links and aspects in the superstructure that don＇t match the development of the productivity under the premise of adhering to the basic system of socialism. This re^brm is a self-improvement and development of the socialist system in order to promote the development of the socialist productive forces and the development of socialist modernization greatly.

新华社’94新闻学术年会在京召开

新华社1994年新闻学术年会于10月18日至22日在京召开。围绕着“以正确的舆论引导人与新闻工作”的主题,90多位记者、编辑和新闻学专家、教授展开了热烈研讨。新华社国内部、对外部、国际部、摄影部等部门和上海、山东、四川、山西、河南、湖南、辽宁、安徽、北京等新华社分社的新闻工作者参加了年会,并特邀中宣部新闻局、国务院新闻办公室、广电部《新闻战线》新闻出版报、经济日报、北京日报、《新闻与写作》。

Subjective Social Status,Income Inequality and Subjective Perceptions of Mobility(2003-2013)

Using a sample of over 90,000 urban and rura1 residents from the Chinese Social Survey(CSS)and China Genera1 Social Survey(CGSS)from 2003 to 2013,we analyzed the structural features and influencing factors underlying subjective social status in China.Our findings indicate that over these years,such identification has consistently assumed the shape of a bowling pin:those who“identify with a low social status”account for more than half of respondents,a much higher proportion than in most countries.At the individual level,the net effect on subjective social status of such objective indicators as education,income and occupation has been relatively small,and lessened over the ten years.The correlation between subjective perceptions of mobility and subjective social status is quite strong,but the upward impetus provided by perceptions of upward mobility weakened over the period.At the macro-level,the tempo of economic growth failed to raise the level of class identification,and income inequality had a markedly negative effect.Our research findings further demonstrate that curbing the income gap and increasing opportunities for mobility are important for raising the level of class identification during the transition period.

The effect of social context and social scale on the perception of relationships in monk parakeets

Social relationships formed within a network of interacting group members can have a profound impact on an indi- vidual＇s behavior and fitness. However, we have little understanding of how individuals perceive their relationships and how this perception relates to our external measures of interactions. We investigated the perception of affiliative and agonistic relation- ships at both the dyadic and emergent social levels in two captive groups of monk parakeets （Myiopsitta monachus, n = 21 and 19） using social network analysis and playback experiments. At the dyadic social scale, individuals directed less aggression to- wards their strong affiliative partners and more aggression towards non-partner neighbors.At the emergent social scale, there was no association between relationships in different social contexts and an individual＇s dominance rank did not correlate with its popularity rank. Playback response pattems were mainly driven by relationships in affiliative social contexts at the dyadic scale. In both groups, individual responses to playback experiments were significantly affected by strong affiliative relationships at the dyadic social scale, albeit in different directions in the two groups. Response pattems were also affected by affiliative relation- ships at the emergent social scale, but only in one of the two groups. Within affiliative relationships, those at the dyadic social scale were perceived by individuals in both groups, but those at the emergent social scale only affected responses in one group. These results provide preliminary evidence that relationships in affiliative social contexts may be perceived as more important than agonistic relationships in captive monk parakeet groups. Our approach could be used in a wide range of social species and comparative analyses could provide important insight into how individuals perceive relationships across social contexts and social scales [Current Zoology 61 （1）： 55-69, 2015].