This paper introduces the development and structure of this unique qualitative research methodology. The methodology was developed during research in New Zealand that explored the use of a community development/health...This paper introduces the development and structure of this unique qualitative research methodology. The methodology was developed during research in New Zealand that explored the use of a community development/health promotion model for Tongans living in an urban environment. It is proposed that Talanga can be a methodology whereby both Tongan and non-Tongan researchers are empowered to conduct effective research with Tongans. Details of the six-step Talanga research framework are discussed along with the advantages of conducting research using Talanga as a qualitative research methodology. The paper also contrasts Talanga （interactive talking with a purpose） with Talanoa （a conversation, an exchange of ideas or thinking, whether formal or informal）. The Talanga methodology would appear to be a superior approach to Talanoa in engaging in research with Tongans due to the way in which Talanga embraces fundamental Tongan cultural values.展开更多
Residents' sense of community is an important prerequisite to promote the development of community.Tourism has significant influence on residents' sense of community.An empirical study from Changdao shows that...Residents' sense of community is an important prerequisite to promote the development of community.Tourism has significant influence on residents' sense of community.An empirical study from Changdao shows that economy and life conflict caused by tourism can affect neighborhood-friendly and community participation significantly.Culture,environment and social services from tourism can significantly affect community association,community care and place recognition.Therefore,the regional managers should pay attention to allocate revenues in the residents fairly and protect own culture to avoid the negative impact from tourism.展开更多
Promotion is becoming one of the most commonly and intentionally used by local government element of marketing mix. It can be either internal （addressed to the inhabitants of the unit） or external （aimed at people ...Promotion is becoming one of the most commonly and intentionally used by local government element of marketing mix. It can be either internal （addressed to the inhabitants of the unit） or external （aimed at people who are not residents of the unit）. The subject of the presented studies will be culture promotion of the region. One of the areas of promotion, little appreciated in Poland so far, is culture and culture heritage which are of greater and greater importance for the regional development. Culture heritage can be a resource to strengthen the region and improve the conditions for economic growth. Culture goods constitute an important factor in the development of socio-economic region. They increase tourist attractiveness contributing to the development of tourism and agro-tourism in the area. The rich history, multi-layered and diverse culture heritage, both tangible and intangible, can be one of the main assets of raising the competitiveness of the given region in the country and the European Union （EU）. It should be assumed that in a market economy town or municipality operate in a manner similar to enterprise, they produce products and services offered to the internal market （municipality） as well as to external one （surrounding of the municipality）. Competitive conditions require the use of all tools to increase the effectiveness of the operation, including marketing tools. Being a marketing issue a product, which is offered by a city/town, can be considered in two aspects： first as a mega-product （i.e., a city/town as a whole）, second as a distribution of a mega-product for individual municipal sub-products. Presented concept of a product offered by a city in its two distinctions can be also applied to a municipality. Market-based approach in relation to territorial units is usually called ＂territorial marketing＂. Alternatively, they can be also called ＂spatial marketing＂ and ＂area marketing＂. Depending on the type of territorial units and the scope of marketing activities various concepts are used （e.g., urban marketing and municipal marketing）. Currently in Poland these concepts are generally related to basic units of the administrative division of the country namely to urban and rural municipalities. Therefore, for this type of activities one can suggest the term ＂municipal marketing＂.展开更多
As the most desirable option for sustainable development of tourism industry, ecotourism still suffers from lack of a clear-cut and widely accepted definition, posing many risks and threats in its practices. Based on ...As the most desirable option for sustainable development of tourism industry, ecotourism still suffers from lack of a clear-cut and widely accepted definition, posing many risks and threats in its practices. Based on collection and collation of various concepts and explanations of ecotourism both at home and abroad, this paper reflects on the current connotations of ecotourism in terms of four aspects, namely, objects of ecotourism, ecotourists, nature of ecotourism as well as the relationship between ecotourism and communities. In-depth analysis was performed in an effort to revise the misinterpretation of ecotourism and provide implications for ecotourism initiatives. The main conclusions and fruits of this article include： 1） The objects of eeotourism should go beyond natural, pristine, or even only primitive natural areas to including cultural resources together with their natural context which also deserve preservation. 2） Tourism operators, compared to tourists, have more leverage and hence should shoulder more responsibilities for conservation. 3） Ecotourism should serve as a principle to guide tourism initiatives towards sustainability, rather than merely a special tour package. 4） The theoretic foundation was laid for community participation in ecotourism.展开更多
This paper reports on an ethnographic inquiry into the linguistic and sociocultural affordances available to English and Japanese foreign language learners through their engagement in a social learning space at a Japa...This paper reports on an ethnographic inquiry into the linguistic and sociocultural affordances available to English and Japanese foreign language learners through their engagement in a social learning space at a Japanese university. By social learning space we refer to a facility in which students come together in order to learn with and from each other in a non- formal setting. To explore the social learning dynamic in this environment, we carried out a longitudinal ethnographic inquiry. Data came primarily from interviews with learners and administrators, supported by participant-observations. A thematic analysis of the data, informed by ecological and community of practice perspectives, pointed to the emergence of a community of learners and revealed how closely the affordances were connected with the emergent community. In this paper we report on the findings related to the affordances which gave rise to language learning opportunities, the relationship of these affordances to the conditions which supported the development of a community of learners, and the role of learner autonomy in regard to these two interrelated phenomena.展开更多
文摘This paper introduces the development and structure of this unique qualitative research methodology. The methodology was developed during research in New Zealand that explored the use of a community development/health promotion model for Tongans living in an urban environment. It is proposed that Talanga can be a methodology whereby both Tongan and non-Tongan researchers are empowered to conduct effective research with Tongans. Details of the six-step Talanga research framework are discussed along with the advantages of conducting research using Talanga as a qualitative research methodology. The paper also contrasts Talanga （interactive talking with a purpose） with Talanoa （a conversation, an exchange of ideas or thinking, whether formal or informal）. The Talanga methodology would appear to be a superior approach to Talanoa in engaging in research with Tongans due to the way in which Talanga embraces fundamental Tongan cultural values.
文摘Residents' sense of community is an important prerequisite to promote the development of community.Tourism has significant influence on residents' sense of community.An empirical study from Changdao shows that economy and life conflict caused by tourism can affect neighborhood-friendly and community participation significantly.Culture,environment and social services from tourism can significantly affect community association,community care and place recognition.Therefore,the regional managers should pay attention to allocate revenues in the residents fairly and protect own culture to avoid the negative impact from tourism.
文摘Promotion is becoming one of the most commonly and intentionally used by local government element of marketing mix. It can be either internal （addressed to the inhabitants of the unit） or external （aimed at people who are not residents of the unit）. The subject of the presented studies will be culture promotion of the region. One of the areas of promotion, little appreciated in Poland so far, is culture and culture heritage which are of greater and greater importance for the regional development. Culture heritage can be a resource to strengthen the region and improve the conditions for economic growth. Culture goods constitute an important factor in the development of socio-economic region. They increase tourist attractiveness contributing to the development of tourism and agro-tourism in the area. The rich history, multi-layered and diverse culture heritage, both tangible and intangible, can be one of the main assets of raising the competitiveness of the given region in the country and the European Union （EU）. It should be assumed that in a market economy town or municipality operate in a manner similar to enterprise, they produce products and services offered to the internal market （municipality） as well as to external one （surrounding of the municipality）. Competitive conditions require the use of all tools to increase the effectiveness of the operation, including marketing tools. Being a marketing issue a product, which is offered by a city/town, can be considered in two aspects： first as a mega-product （i.e., a city/town as a whole）, second as a distribution of a mega-product for individual municipal sub-products. Presented concept of a product offered by a city in its two distinctions can be also applied to a municipality. Market-based approach in relation to territorial units is usually called ＂territorial marketing＂. Alternatively, they can be also called ＂spatial marketing＂ and ＂area marketing＂. Depending on the type of territorial units and the scope of marketing activities various concepts are used （e.g., urban marketing and municipal marketing）. Currently in Poland these concepts are generally related to basic units of the administrative division of the country namely to urban and rural municipalities. Therefore, for this type of activities one can suggest the term ＂municipal marketing＂.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation (Grant No.90102013)
文摘As the most desirable option for sustainable development of tourism industry, ecotourism still suffers from lack of a clear-cut and widely accepted definition, posing many risks and threats in its practices. Based on collection and collation of various concepts and explanations of ecotourism both at home and abroad, this paper reflects on the current connotations of ecotourism in terms of four aspects, namely, objects of ecotourism, ecotourists, nature of ecotourism as well as the relationship between ecotourism and communities. In-depth analysis was performed in an effort to revise the misinterpretation of ecotourism and provide implications for ecotourism initiatives. The main conclusions and fruits of this article include： 1） The objects of eeotourism should go beyond natural, pristine, or even only primitive natural areas to including cultural resources together with their natural context which also deserve preservation. 2） Tourism operators, compared to tourists, have more leverage and hence should shoulder more responsibilities for conservation. 3） Ecotourism should serve as a principle to guide tourism initiatives towards sustainability, rather than merely a special tour package. 4） The theoretic foundation was laid for community participation in ecotourism.
基金the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science for a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) [No.23520674] which has enabled us to extend this study for an additional four years
文摘This paper reports on an ethnographic inquiry into the linguistic and sociocultural affordances available to English and Japanese foreign language learners through their engagement in a social learning space at a Japanese university. By social learning space we refer to a facility in which students come together in order to learn with and from each other in a non- formal setting. To explore the social learning dynamic in this environment, we carried out a longitudinal ethnographic inquiry. Data came primarily from interviews with learners and administrators, supported by participant-observations. A thematic analysis of the data, informed by ecological and community of practice perspectives, pointed to the emergence of a community of learners and revealed how closely the affordances were connected with the emergent community. In this paper we report on the findings related to the affordances which gave rise to language learning opportunities, the relationship of these affordances to the conditions which supported the development of a community of learners, and the role of learner autonomy in regard to these two interrelated phenomena.
