利用社区旅游资源进行生物学校本课程开发

利用社区旅游资源，开发生物学校本课程，从课程补充和课程新编的角度对课程目标和课程内容进行了系列化的设计，在课程实践中采用了灵活多样的教学方法，例举了其中的三种教学模式。

Community Based Natural Resource Management, Tourism and Poverty Alleviation in Southern Africa： What Works and What Doesn＇t Work

Community based natural resource management （CBNRM） is perhaps the most important tool for driving community and rural development in southern Africa. The paper therefore analyses the CBNRM framework as a strategy for implementing sustainable tourism and poverty alleviation initiatives in Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia. The article specifically underscores the importance of local-level participatory management and utilisation of natural resources in the region. Paying special attention to the previous researches that have been conducted in Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia, the methodological approach employed in the paper centres on critical discourse analysis and review of literatures to highlight the interface existing between CBNRM and rural （tourism） development. The analytical framework of the paper is thus rooted in the Common Property Resource （CPR） theory Overall, the authors argue that tourism, poverty alleviation, rural development, and sustainable natural resource use are linked and interrelated in the process of enhancing community well-being. Findings indicate that CBNRM initiatives have had a significant and positive impact in achieving sustainable tourism, rural development, poverty alleviation, and natural resource management. Specifically, findings show that the CBNRM has contributed to the reduction in wildlife poaching. While other pertinent issues remain, national governments in the three southern African economies need to fully appropriate the benefits that CBNRM offers and improve on them for better implementation of developmental programs.

Factors That Influence Local Community Participation in Tourism in Murchison Falls Conservation Area

Community＇s participation is fundamental in understanding the factors that influence their access to and utilization of tourism resources. It is a plausible way of involving local communities in the planning and management of the available resources for their sustainability. This study examined the socio-economic characteristics of the households in Murchison Falls Conservation Area to understand how they influence their participation in tourism and eventually enhance household welfare. Using household survey and key informant interviews, data were collected on demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the respondents and analyzed using Binomial Logit Regression in order to show the factors that influence participation of households in tourism. It was found that the households＇ characteristics significantly influenced their participation. In particular, level of education （r = 0.824）, engagement in farm labor （r = 0.651）, provision of services to the tourists （r = 0.841）, income （r = 0.83） and landholding （r = 0.689） significantly influenced households＇ participation in tourism. On the other hand, age （r = 0.59） and period of residence （r = 0.430） did not significantly influence the households＇ participation in tourism. These results suggest that a clear understanding of the households＇ socio-economic characteristics is a vital step in engaging them meaningfully in tourism activities meant to enhance their livelihoods. Equally important is the need for tourism managers and local government leaders to consider these characteristics when designing policies and strategies to enhance community involvement and management of tourism at a conservation area level.

Reflections on the Myth of Tourism Preserving “Traditional” Agricultural Landscapes

The renewed interest in ＂cultural landscapes＂ is a global phenomenon to be explained in a multi dimensional way.The process of revalorising traditional habitats,people and their way of living in a particular environment,is closely linked to the introduction of heritage as ＂a cultural,social and economic construct＂.The recognition of cultural landscapes as a new category on the world heritage list （UNESCO） since the 1990s,emphasises the importance of the human-environment interaction and the need for understanding the dynamics of landscapes in time and space.Values are changing and new opportunities emerge for a ＂dynamic preservation＂ of iconic landscapes and traditional communities.A cross disciplinary understanding of interacting processes is essential to plan and manage sustainable heritage（land）scapes.Various pilot projects and case studies-world-wide-lead to critical reflections about the sustainability of heritage landscapes and the sovereign role of tourism.The perspective of ＂Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Sites＂ （GIAHS）,supported by economic resources generated by tourism,requires a research-based approach analysing opportunities and expectations,assessing strategic policies and top down politics.