大数据时代社区生态系统的构建

大数据对相对静态、分散的社区系统构成挑战,助推了社区生态系统的构建。大数据时代的社区生态系统是由多条数据流、生态链交错形成的动态结构网络,包括数据生成系统、数据流动系统、数据处理系统和数据应用系统等,有助于促进社区整体的交互联动、动态平衡发展,能够帮助社区各要素明确其生态位,满足社区居民的多元化需求。大数据时代,社区生态系统的构建应坚持以人为本、服务居民的核心,遵循多元协同、资源共享的指导原则,加强技术支撑、数据驱动的基础建设。

社区型生态系统价值核算研究——以滨湖桃源生态社区为例

“绿水青山就是金山银山”的论断指出了自然生态系统不仅为人类提供了丰富的生态产品与服务,具有巨大的经济效益,其生态价值还可以转化为经济价值造福人类。积极探索社区型生态系统价值核算是认识生态价值、将生态价值转化为经济效益的基础。本文在社区型生态系统价值核算框架基础上,以滨湖桃源生态社区为例进行应用探索,说明社区型生态系统的价值应当引起人们的重视,对城市可持续发展具有积极意义。

社区草原管理的困境:社会生态系统管理的尺度匹配

上世纪80年代开始的畜草双承包责任制因忽视干旱半干旱草原极高的资源时空异质性,导致草原生态系统退化和畜牧业成本剧增等诸多问题。但草场承包时考虑到异质性的一些社区,也没有逃脱类似问题。究其原因,草场承包不仅不适合当地特殊的生态系统,更重要的是,它破坏了牧区社会系统管理和生态系统管理长期形成的尺度匹配。案例研究表明,草场承包的社区破碎化引发了牧区社会系统管理的破碎化,再加上资源开发、气候变化等压力,导致草原生态系统管理的混乱,最终出现草场退化。因此,要想恢复退化草原,需要建立社会生态系统管理的等级框架,减少社区的破碎化问题,重建社会系统管理和生态系统管理的尺度匹配。

生态系统视野下的健康社区建设

社区是人们生活和工作最主要的环境场所,也是城市发展和社会治理的空间载体,健康社区建设是保障人们身心健康的基础。当前我国健康社区的构建虽在政策层面取得较大进展,但在实践层面仍处于初步探索阶段。健康社区的社会共识有限,健康社区建设的系统性相对欠缺。生态系统视野下的健康社区建设之道,需要从宏观层面建构大健康社会共识,突出健康福祉与可持续的社区发展理念,中观层面深入推进健康社区规划与社区治理的融合发展及建立合理规范的健康社区治理结构,微观层面因地制宜构建科学适用的健康社区监测评估机制。

职业院校社区教育生态系统探析

从生态角度看,依托职业院校的社区教育系统是由政府、职业院校和社区(居民)三个要素及其环境因子构成的有机整体。针对该系统的生态失衡问题构建理论模型,并基于对模型要素及因子间关系的明晰、职能的赋予,设计需求驱动与文化引领共振、行政调控与市场运作耦合以及反馈与应激合拍的系统运行机制。

公共艺术介入上海旧区生态系统再造研究

公共艺术介入旧区改造已经成为上海多年来进行城市更新的重要途径,但如何确保公共艺术在旧区中充分发挥自身优势是一直以来的讨论重点。本文从生态视角出发,通过对自然、人文方面的生态观进行总结,从功能视角对上海旧区生态系统再造的内容进行梳理。结合两个视角对近年来上海旧区改造中的公共艺术实践进行分析,发现公共艺术在介入旧区改造时一旦涉及生态系统维度,并充分体现生态观,就能有效助力旧区改造进程的推进和旧区生态系统的再造。

“幸福家园”社区建设的内涵与评价指标体系研究

建设幸福家园是新时期党和国家的明确要求,也是建设和谐社会的必然选择。影响幸福感的因素不仅有宏观层次的因素,也有中观和微观层次因素。从社区治理的角度研究居民幸福感和幸福家园建设,应从中观的范畴展开,结合微观层次因素,依据社区生态系统理论和马斯洛需求层次理论,构建符合现时代特征标准的幸福家园评价指标体系。

社区社工的专业服务类型分析

社区社工以社区/村为服务范围,以社区/村里的所有人为服务对象,实施综合性质的社会工作服务。社会工作服务已被视为社区服务的不可或缺。基于生态系统理论,建构社区生态系统模型,因循着对社区不同系统层面的干预,我们将社区社工的专业服务类型分为:宏观实务——公共环境与危机事件介入;中观实务——困境群体支持;微观实务——个人社会功能促进。

Analyzing Land-use Change in Farming-pastoral Transitional Region Using Autologistic Model and Household Survey Approach

Land change science （LCS） strives to understand and model land-use change, which will further advance the understanding of multiple issues in the socio-ecological systems. Based on GIS/RS techniques, autologistic model, and household survey method, this study investigated major land use changes and their causes from 1978 to 2008 in Uxin Banner （county-level）, Inner Mongolia in China and then developed an understanding of the relationships between household livelihood and land-use pattern. Results showed that cultivated land increased from 1988 to 2000, and leveled offafter 2000. Built-up land increased stably for the period 1978 2008. The change of grassland and bare land differed among the three periods. From 1978 to 1988, grassland increased by 23.3%, and bare land decreased by 20.48%. From 1988 to 2000, bare land expanded by 1.7%, but grassland declined by 1.3%. From 2000 to 2008, an increase in grassland area by 1.8% was observed, but a decrease in bare land area by 9.0% was witnessed. The autologistic models performed better than logistic models as indicated by lower Akaike Information Criterion （AIC） values. Factors associated with human activities significantly correlated with the change of cultivated land, forest land, grassland, and built-up land. The produce prices and extensive cultivated land use are major issues in the farming area. This study suggests that completing land circulation systems and maintaining the stability of price are effective solutions. By contrast, reclamation and overgrazing are major concerns in the pastoral areas. Implementing environmental policies effectively, transferring population out of rural pastoral areas, and developing modem animal husbandry are effective ways to address these issues.

Livelihood Diversification as an Adaptation Approach to Change in the Pastoral Hindu-Kush Himalayan Region

Migratory livestock raising has been one of the most important livelihood options for people residing in high mountain areas and has made a significant contribution to the economy of the Hindu Kush Himalayan(HKH) region, both in terms of supporting households and in export earnings. However, in recent decades, changes in the socioeconomic situation and increasing climate variability have led to a need to enhance adaptation by building the resilience of local socio-ecological systems, including economic diversification and sustainable management of natural resources. Based on semistructured interviews with pastoral communities in six countries within the pastoral HKH region, this paper discusses the situation, trends and driving forces behind the diversification of pastoral livelihood. For internal diversification the study highlights the need for enhancement of pastoral livelihoods through value-adding activities in the pastoral sectors. For external diversification changes on policy changes are needed to support free out-migration, market exploitation, and multiple resource use. Finally the paper highlights the role of education in determining household adaptation strategies in the face of various socio-ecological pressures and recommends integrating innovative and indigenous knowledge to develop appropriate methods for risk management and resource management in the pastoral HKH region.

Community Based Seed Production-A Sustainable Seed Production Model for Subsistence of Bhutanese Maize Farmers

Bhutanese maize farmers grow different open-pollinated traditional varieties and improved high yielding varieties recommended by the national maize program. All most every maize farmer uses the recycled seeds from their farms for planting in the next season. Farmers traditional or informal seed system was found to be poorly organized and unscientific that has resulted in the deterioration and contamination of seed quality. Bhutanese maize farmers living in remote areas are highly constrained by the inconsistent supply and poor access to good quality maize seed. The formal public seed sectors lack adequate resources to produce and supply good quality seeds. This called for an urgency to identify and adapt an innovative and a sustainable seed production approach to service the subsistence needs of Bhutanese farmers in a cross-pollinated crop, like maize. The community based seed production （CBSP） approach was introduced and evaluated under the Bhutanese maize production system as an alternative farmer based seed production model. A total of seven farmers CBSP groups were formed and promoted as a smallholder seed enterprise. The technical skills of these CBSP group members on maize seed production were improved through practical demonstrations and trainings. The CBSP groups were supplied with high quality source seed of new maize varieties by the national maize program. For long term, the sustainability of CBSP groups were linked to the formal seed sector in the country for marketing the seeds. The CBSP approach has proven to be a successful small scale maize seed production model under highland maize production ecosystem that has improved the production and supply of good quality maize seeds. The Bhutanese experiences with CBSP in maize, its merits for small holder Bhutanese maize farmers and lessons learnt from the CBSP model are discussed in this paper.

The application of social capital in the development of eco- sustainable community planning

Sustainable is a familiar description to most people, it is in a sensible way to treat the natural and human environment, it is not only able to ensure ourselves a balanced, healthy living environment, but also to ensure that our future generations are also a normal, healthy and living environment. This means we can not only consider our current short-term interests, but also give our future generations a healthy and sustainable environment to further develop the natural and cultural environment. In those environmental conditions, our future generations can have the same quality of life as us forever, keep ecological and sustainable development of the world, and even be able to have a better quality of life than ever before. In sustainable urban development, first of all, it is to be in accordance with the laws of nature to have a cooperative and friendly attitude to treat the environment. In this rational way of working, we must respectfully treat human nature, it is a huge sustainable ecosystems. We can either learn a lot of knowledge from nature＇ s perfect eco-cycle system, but also it can be used in future planning and design.

Development of the eco-community planning studies under the concept of low-carbon

Universality of low-carbon eco- city planning measures, Government regulation, as an important planning means to guide urban development urban; it is an allocation mechanism for land and space resource. Low-carbon eco- city planning is especially important for China as it is in a state of rapid economic growth, urbanization acceleration, carbon emissions increase, ecological environment deterioration and intensifying economic transformation. During the process of low-carbon eco-city planning, we must consider the whole range of temporal and spatial distribution of the city and grasp the overall coordination system of time and space. We should regard it as a system of the entire biosphere and regulate urban according to true features of ecosystems, that is in a basically a three-dimensional, integrative compound patterns. We need consider the natural ecological system factors, technological physics factors, economic assets factors, social and cultural factors as well as various humanitarian factors among the urban system structure; consider the impact of the internal and external urban environmental systems; make them interact and influence each other and restrict each other through the planning of the urban system material flow, energy flow, information flow and capital flow; insists the evaluation basic of the healthy development of urbanization and the of exercise macro -control on the dynamic representation＂ of the city development, the ＂qualityrepresentatiou＂ ofthecity＇ s connotation and the air representation＂ of the city state in order to overcome the ＂ urban disease ＂ by development, to reduce the ＂ urban disease ＂ by planning, to treat the ＂ urban disease ＂ by management. Only by bringing the design and control into the scope of long-term planning and governing can we effectively monitor and guide the development and construction of low-carbon eco- towns.

Evolution and Effects of the Social-ecological System in Karst Mountainous Regions:A Case Study of Guangxi,China

Karst regions are the typical areas of interaction between human society and natural ecosystems.Understanding the historical mechanisms of the evolution of social-ecological systems(SES)is crucial for the future sustainable management of karst regions.This study selected Guangxi,a typical karst mountainous region in Southwest China,as the study area,and used population,cropland area,and forest coverage as the SES elements.Based on the framework of SES research in the karst region,it adopted segmented linear regression to identify the stages of the interactions among these elements,to reveal the evolutionary stages of social development from the long-term perspective.In addition,the driving factor indicators were constructed from the aspects of natural environment,social development,government policy,and climate change,and then the feedback changes brought about by the evolution were investigated.The results show that the evolution of SES in Guangxi from 1363-2020 can be divided into seven stages.In the first,second,and early period of the third stages,the government of Guangxi mainly focused on agricultural activities,although the only way to meet the growing demand for food was by expanding the area of cropland,and the timber trade’s pursuit of economic development,resulting in an increase in rocky desertification.In the fourth stage,the ecological environment improved under the implementation of measures such as the control of rocky desertification and the compensation of forest ecological benefits.After the fifth stage,the effect of rocky desertification control has been remarkable.Although the implementation of relevant policies has alleviated the environmental problems to some extent,the continual changes in the structure and function of SES can challenge further progress towards sustainability in karst regions.This study aims to provide a reference for the long-term national spatial planning and the development of environmental policies in karst regions.

Community responses to extreme climatic conditions

Species assemblages and natural communities are increasingly impacted by changes in the frequency and severity of extreme climatic events. Here we propose a brief overview of expected and demonstrated direct and indirect impacts of extreme events on animal communities. We show that differential impacts on basic biological parameters of individual species can lead to strong changes in community composition and structure with the potential to considerably modify the functional traits of the community. Sudden disequilibria have even been shown to induce irreversible shifts in marine ecosystems, while cascade effects on various taxonomic groups have been highlighted in Mediterranean forests. Indirect effects of extreme climatic events are expected when event-induced habitat changes （e.g. soil stability, vegetation composition, water flows altered by droughts, floods or hurricanes） have differential consequences on species assembled within the communities. Moreover, in increasing the amplitude of trophic mismatches, extreme events are likely to turn many systems into ecological traps under climate change. Finally, we propose a focus on the potential impacts of an extreme heat wave on local assemblages as an empirical case study, analysing monitoring data on breeding birds collected in France. In this example, we show that despite specific populations were differently affected by local temperature anomalies, communities seem to be unaffected by a sudden heat wave. These results suggest that communities are tracking climate change at the highest possible rate [Current Zoology 57 （3）： 406-413, 2011].