多民族文化交融视域下的靖州飞山神信俗调查与研究

飞山神信俗在湘黔桂鄂渝地区的侗、苗、土家等多民族聚居区广为流传,位于湖南靖州的飞山庙地位最高,被称为总庙。研究靖州飞山神信俗离不开研究其“观念层面”上的信仰对象杨再思,对其族属的争论体现了多民族文化交融的痕迹。靖州飞山神信俗主体具有跨地域跨民族的包容性,信众在保持自身特色文化的基础上善于接纳其他民族的优秀文化。此外,靖州飞山庙作为其信仰的“物质层面”,也具有多民族文化交融的风格;飞山庙会仪式庆典是信仰的“行动层面”,在庙会仪式中吟唱的忏歌,更是融合了多民族文化和儒释道思想。

当前社会信鬼迷神问题存在原因简析

信神迷鬼等封建迷信是我国社会的历史毒瘤,新中国建立之初本已基本肃清。但自改革开放以来,由于社会信仰发生混乱,物质欲望膨胀,贫富差距进一步拉大,信神迷鬼等封建迷信活动大有死灰复燃之势。因此从理性缺乏、潜规则泛滥、信仰缺失等层面入手,剖析和反思此类事件,分析信神迷鬼现象存在的社会基础,发扬马克思主义人文关怀,破解此类问题是当务之急。

立信神农肥料在锡林郭勒盟农作物上的肥料效应

2006年,锡林郭勒盟(以下简称锡盟)开始实施测土配方项目。农民的传统施肥观念、肥料品种随着种植业结构的不断调整,耕地土壤养分的不断变化而发生改变。为了提高肥料利用率,最大限度减少肥料浪费,锡盟农业科学研究所在选择和研究各种肥料效应时,发现由河北省高碑店市生产的立信神农肥料具有抗旱和改善土壤理化性状、促进作物根系生长的诸多作用机理。

Zuogui Jiangtang Jieyu Formula ameliorating hippocampal neuronal apoptosis in diabetic rats with depression by inhibiting JNK signaling pathway

Objective To investigate the effect of Zuogui Jiangtang Jieyu Formula(左归降糖解郁方,ZJJF)on hippocampal neuron apoptosis in diabetic rats with depression and to ascertain whether its mechanism involves the regulation of JNK signaling pathway.Methods(i)A total of 72 specific pathogen-free(SPF)grade male Sprague Dawley(SD)rats were randomly divided into six groups,with 12 rats in each group:control,model,metformin(Met,0.18 g/kg)+fluoxetine(Flu,1.8 mg/kg),and the high-,medium-,and low-ZJJF dosages(ZJJF-H,20.52 g/kg;ZJJF-M,10.26 g/kg;ZJJF-L,5.13 g/kg)groups.All groups except control group were injected once via the tail vein with streptozotocin(STZ,38 mg/kg)combined with 28 d of chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS)to establish diabetic rat models with depression.During the CUMS modeling period,treatments were administered via gavage,with control and model groups receiving an equivalent volume of distilled water for 28 d.The efficacy of ZJJF in reducing blood sugar and alleviating depression was evaluated by measuring fasting blood glucose,insulin,and glycated hemoglobin levels,along with behavioral assessments,including the open field test(OFT),forced swim test(FST),and sucrose preference test(SPT).Hippocampal tissue damage and neuronal apoptosis were evaluated using hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nickend labeling(TUNEL)staining.Apoptosis-related proteins Bax,Bcl-2,caspase-3,and the expression levels of JNK/Elk-1/c-fos signaling pathway were detected using Western blot and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR).(ii)To further elucidate the role of JNK signaling pathway in hippocampal neuronal apoptosis and the pharmacological effects of ZJJF,an additional 50 SPF grade male SD rats were randomly divided into five groups,with 10 rats in each group:control,model,SP600125(SP6,a JNK antagonist,10 mg/kg),ZJJF(20.52 g/kg),and ZJJF(20.52 g/kg)+Anisomycin(Aniso,a JNK agonist,15 mg/kg)groups.Except for control group,all groups were established as diabetic rat models with depression,and treatments were administered via gavage for ZJJF and intraperitoneal injection for SP6 and Aniso for 28 d during the CUMS modeling period.Behavioral changes in rats were evaluated through the OFT,FST,and SPT,and hippocampal neuron damage and apoptosis were observed using HE staining,Nissl staining,TUNEL staining,and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).Changes in apoptosis-related proteins and JNK signaling pathway in the hippocampal tissues of rats were also analyzed.

河南南阳汉画与汉代谶纬迷信思想

河南南阳汉画与汉代谶纬迷信思想王玉金，李建河南省南阳地区有大量反映汉代谶纬迷信思想的画像石刻，截止１９９０年，南阳汉画馆共收藏汉代画像石１２６０多块，画像１７００余幅，其中，谶纬迷信类的画像就有４１０多幅，约占四分之一。一、汉代谶纬迷信思想对南阳汉画...

Low-Power CMOS IC for Function Electrical Stimulation of Nerves

A low-power IC for function electrical stimulation （FES） of nerves is designed for an implantable system and fabricated in CSMC＇s 0.6μm CMOS technology. The IC can be used for stimulating animals＇ spinal nerve bundles and other nerves connected with a cuff type electrode. It consists of a pre-amplifier,a main amplifier,and an output stage. According to the neural signal spectrum,the bandwidth of the FES signal generator circuit is defined from 1Hz to 400kHz. The gain of the circuit is about 66dB with an output impedance of 900. The 1C can function under a single supply voltage of 3-5V. A rail-to-rail output stage helps to use the coupled power efficiently. The measured time domain performance shows that the bandwidth and the gain of the IC agree with the design. The power consumption is lower than 6mW.

Multi-channel neural signal stimulating module and in-vivo experiments

The module for function electrical stimulation （FES） of neurons is designed for the research of the neural function regeneration microelectronic system, which is an in-body embedded micro module. It is implemented by using discrete devices at first and characterized in vitro. The module is used to stimulate sciatic nerve and spinal cord of rats and rabbits for in-vivo real-time experiments of the neural function regeneration system. Based on the module, a four channel module for the FES of neurons is designed for 12 sites cuff electrode or 10 sites shaft electrode. Three animal experiments with total five rats and two rabbits were made. In the in-vivo experiment, the neural signals including spontaneous and imitated were regenerated by the module. The stimulating signal was used to drive sciatic nerve and spinal cord of rats and rabbits, successfully caused them twitch in different parts of their bodies, such as legs, tails, and fingers. This testifies that the neural function regeneration system can regenerate the neural signals.

Neural network based online hypertension risk evaluation system

Since the previous research works are not synthetic and accurate enough for building a precise hypertension risk evaluation system,by ranking the significances for hypertension factors according to the information gains on 2 231 normotensive and 823 hypertensive samples,totally 42 different neural network models are built and tested.The prediction accuracy of a model whose inputs are 26 factors is found to be much higher than the 81.61% obtained by previous research work. The prediction matching rates of the model for ＂hypertension or not＂,＂systolic blood pressure＂,and ＂diastolic blood pressure＂ are 95.79%,98.22% and 98.41%,respectively.Based on the found model and the object oriented techniques,an online hypertension risk evaluation system is developed,being able to gather new samples,learn the new samples,and improve its prediction accuracy automatically.

Integrated circuit for single channel neural signal regeneration

Based on the 4-channel neural signal regeneration system which is realized by using discrete devices and successfully used for in-vivo experiments on rats and rabbits, a single channel neural signal regeneration integrated circuit （IC）is designed and realized in CSMC ＇ s 0. 6 μm CMOS （ complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor transistor ） technology. The IC consists of a neural signal detection circuit with an adjustable gain, a buffer, and a function electrical stimulation （FES） circuit. The neural signal regenerating IC occupies a die area of 1.42 mm × 1.34 mm. Under a dual supply voltage of ±2. 5 V, the DC power consumption is less than 10 mW. The on-wafer measurement results are as follows： the output resistor is 118 ml）, the 3 dB bandwidth is greater than 30 kHz, and the gain can be variable from 50 to 90 dB. The circuit is used for in-vivo experiments on the rat＇ s sciatic nerve as well as on the spinal cord with the cuff type electrode array and the twin-needle electrode. The neural signal is successfully regenerated both on a rat＇ s sciatic nerve bundle and on the spinal cord.

Neural function rebuilding on different bodies using microelectronic neural bridge technique

A microelectronic circuit is used to regenerate the neural signals between the proximal end and the distal end of an injured nerve.An experimental scheme is designed and carried out to verify the feasibility of the so-called microelectronic neural bridge（MNB）.The sciatic signals of the source spinal toad which are evoked by chemical stimuli are used as source signals to stimulate the sciatic of the controlled spinal toad.The sciatic nerve signals of the source spinal toad,the regenerated sciatic signals in the controlled spinal toad,and the resulting electromyography（EMG）signals associated with the gastrocnemius muscle movements of the controlled spinal toad are displayed and recorded by an oscilloscope.By analyzing the coherence between the source sciatic nerve signals and the regenerated sciatic nerve signals and the coherence between the regenerated nerve signals and the EMG signals,it is proved that the regenerated sciatic nerve signals have a relationship with the source sciatic nerve signals and control shrinkage of the leg of the controlled toad.

Neuronal signal detecting and stimulating circuit array for monolithic integrated MEA

A neuronal signal detecting circuit and a neuronal signal stimulating circuit designed for a monolithic integrated MEA（micro-electrode array） system are described. As a basic cell of the circuits, an OPA（ operational amplifier） is designed with low power, low noise, small size and high gain. The detecting circuit has a chip area of 290 μm × 400 μm, a power dissipation of 2.02 mW, an equivalent input noise of 17.72 nV/ Hz, a gain of 60. 5 dB, and an output voltage from - 2. 48 to ＋ 2. 5 V. The stimulating circuit has a chip area of 130 μm × 290 μm, a power dissipation of 740 μW, and an output voltage from - 2. 5 to 2. 04 V. The parameters show that two circuits are suitable for a monolithic integrated MEA system. The detecting circuit and MEA have been fabricated. The test results show that the detecting circuit works well.

Wireless location algorithm using digital broadcasting signals based on neural network

In order to enhance the accuracy and reliability of wireless location under non-line-of-sight （NLOS） environments,a novel neural network （NN） location approach using the digital broadcasting signals is presented. By the learning ability of the NN and the closely approximate unknown function to any degree of desired accuracy,the input-output mapping relationship between coordinates and the measurement data of time of arrival （TOA） and time difference of arrival （TDOA） is established. A real-time learning algorithm based on the extended Kalman filter （EKF） is used to train the multilayer perceptron （MLP） network by treating the linkweights of a network as the states of the nonlinear dynamic system. Since the EKF-based learning algorithm approximately gives the minimum variance estimate of the linkweights,the convergence is improved in comparison with the backwards error propagation （BP） algorithm. Numerical results illustrate thatthe proposedalgorithmcanachieve enhanced accuracy,and the performance ofthe algorithmis betterthanthat of the BP-based NN algorithm and the least squares （LS） algorithm in the NLOS environments. Moreover,this location method does not depend on a particular distribution of the NLOS error and does not need line-of-sight （ LOS ） or NLOS identification.

Ultra-precision positioning control technique based on neural network

Due to the non-linearity behavior of the precision positioning system, an accurate mathematical control model is difficult to set up, a novel control method for ultra-precision alignment is presented. This method relies on neural network and alignment marks that are in the form of 100μm pitch gratings. The 0-th order Moire signals＇ intensity and its intensity rate are chosen as input variables of the neural network. The characteristics of the neural network make it possible to perform self-training and self-adjusting so as to achieve automatic precision alignment. A neural network model for precision positioning is set up. The model is composed of three neural layers, i.e. input layer, hidden layer and output layer. Driving signal is obtained by mapping Moire signals＇ intensity and its intensity rate. The experimental results show that neural network control for precision positioning can effectively improve positioning speed with high accuracy. It has the advantages of fast, stable response and good robustness. The device based on neural network can achieve the positioning accuracy of ± 0. 5μm.

Computational analysis of genetic loci required for amphid structure and functions and their possibly corresponding microRNAs in C. elegans

Objective To examine the important roles of microRNAs （miRNAs） in regulating amphid structure and function, we performed a computational analysis for the genetic loci required for the sensory perception and their possibly corresponding miRNAs in C. elegans. Methods Total 55 genetic loci required for the amphid structure and function were selected. Sequence alignment was combined with E value evaluation to investigate and identify the possible corresponding miRNAs. Results Total 30 genes among the 55 genetic loci selected have their possible corresponding regulatory miRNA（s）, and identified genes participate in the regulation of almost all aspects of amphid structure and function. In addition, our data suggest that both the amphid structure and the amphid functions might be regulated by a series of network signaling pathways. Moreover, the distribution of miRNAs along the 3＇ untranslated region （UTR） of these 30 genes exhibits different patterns. Conclusion We present the possible miRNA-mediated signaling pathways involved in the regulation of chemosensation and thermosensation by controlling the corresponding sensory neuron and interneuron functions. Our work will be useful for better understanding of the miRNA-mediated control of the chemotaxis and thermotaxis in C. elegans.

史学范式变化与16世纪不信神之争

16世纪不信神问题长期受到历史学家的关注,但不同时期学者们的观点却大相径庭。20世纪西方史学范式变化与16世纪不信神之争关系密切。20世纪以来西方史学范式分别出现了社会转向和文化转向,导致历史研究对象从精英人物先后转变为普通人群体和普通个人,研究方法从寻找历史先驱者到通过望远镜和显微镜发现共同性和差异性。如果说科学历史学将拉伯雷描述为一位具有自由思想和理性精神的无神论者,那么年鉴学派创始人之一的费弗尔则将16世纪作为信仰的世纪并据此主张拉伯雷是一位虔诚的基督徒,而后现代史学则通过中世纪至16世纪大量不信神个案解构了费弗尔所谓的集体心态,确认了前现代西欧各国普遍存在的不信神现象。

Function electrical stimulation circuit for neural signal regeneration system

A low-power, high-gain circuit for function electrical stimulation （FES） is designed for the microelectronic neural signal regeneration system based on CSMC （CSMC Technologies Corporation） 0. 6μm CMOS （complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor transistor） technology. It can be used to stimulate microelectrodes connected with the nerve bundles to regenerate neural signals. This circuit consists of two stages： a full differential folded-cascode amplifier input stage and a complementary class-AB output stage with an overload protection circuit. The rail-to-rail input and output stages are used to ensure a wide range of input and output voltages. The simulation results show that the gain of the circuit is 81 dB; the 3 dB-bandwidth is 295 kHz. The chip occupies a die area of 1.06 mm × 0. 52 mm. The on-wafer measurement results show that under a single supply voltage of ＋ 5 V, the DC power consumption is about 7. 5 mW and the output voltage amplitude is 4. 8 V. The chip can also mn well under single supply voltage of ＋ 3.3 V.

A Block-Adaptive Blind Separation Algorithm for Post-Nonlinear Mixture of Sub- and Super-Gaussian Signals

The problem of blind separation of signals in post nonlinear mixture is addressed in this paper. The post nonlinear mixture is formed by a component wise nonlinear distortion after the linear mixture. Hence a nonlinear adjusting part placed in front of the linear separation structure is needed to compensate for the distortion in separating such signals. The learning rules for the post nonlinear separation structure are derived by a maximum likelihood approach. An algorithm for blind separation of post nonlinearly mixed sub and super Gaussian signals is proposed based on some previous work. Multilayer perceptrons are used in this algorithm to model the nonlinear part of the separation structure. The algorithm switches between sub and super Gaussian probability models during learning according to a stability condition and operates in a block adaptive manner. The effectiveness of the algorithm is verified by experiments on simulated and real world signals.

The JNK Pathway and Neuronal Migration

The c-Jun N-terminal kinases （JNKs） are important regulators of a variety of physiological and pathological processes both in the central and in the peripheral nervous systems. JNKs are considered as crucial mediators of neuronal cell death in response to stress and injury. However, recent studies have provided substantial evidence that the JNK pathway plays an important role in neuronal migration. Here, we will give a brief introduction of the JNK signaling pathway and put more emphasis on its role in nettronal migration.

A Single Neuron with Stochastic Resonance for Noisy Square Pulse Train Signal Transmission

A nonlinear single neuron is demonstrated to exhibit stochastic resonance by theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. This single neuron is used for noisy periodic signal transmission, and significant performance of raising input output SNR gain can be achieved. The research of this paper not only gives a very simple model of neuron with stochastic resonance, but also enlarges the application scope of neuron to the transmission of periodic signals.

Identification of differentially expressed genes in dorsal root ganglion in early diabetic rats

Objective To screen and identify differentially expressed genes in the dorsal root ganglion （DRG） in early experimental diabetic rats. Methods Diabetic model rats were induced by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin （STZ）. At the second week after STZ injection, the sensory nerve conduction velocities （SNCV） of sciatic nerve were measured as an indicator of neuropathy. The technique of silver-staining mRNA differential display polymerase chain reaction （DD-PCR） was used to detect the levels of differentially expressed genes in rat DRG. The cDNA fragments that displayed differentially were identified by reverse-hybridization, cloned and sequenced subsequently, and then confirmed by Northern blot. Results The SNCV in the diabetic model group [n = 9, （45.25±10.38） m/s] reduced obviously compared with the control group [n = 8, （60.10± 11.92） m/s] （P 〈 0.05）. Seven distinct cDNA clones, one was up-regulated gene and the others were downregulated ones, were isolated by silver-staining mRNA differential display method and confirmed by Northern blot. According to the results of sequence alignment with GenBank data, majority of the clones had no significant sequence similarity to previously reported genes except only one that showed high homology to 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase mRNA （accession No., BC059140）, which had not been reported to relate to diabetic neuropathy. Conclusion These differentially expressed genes in the diabetic DRG may contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.