A novel blind digital watermarking algorithm based on neural networks and multiwavelet transform is presented. The host image is decomposed through multiwavelet transform. There are four subblocks in the LL- level of ...A novel blind digital watermarking algorithm based on neural networks and multiwavelet transform is presented. The host image is decomposed through multiwavelet transform. There are four subblocks in the LL- level of the multiwavelet domain and these subblocks have many similarities. Watermark bits are added to low- frequency coefficients. Because of the learning and adaptive capabilities of neural networks, the trained neural networks almost exactly recover the watermark from the watermarked image. Experimental results demonstrate that the new algorithm is robust against a variety of attacks, especially, the watermark extraction does not require the original image.展开更多
Anti β NGF antiserum was prepared by immunizing rabbits with purified mouse β NGF. It presented immunopositivity to β NGF on Western blot, resulting in a single band approximately at the molecular weight of 14 kD...Anti β NGF antiserum was prepared by immunizing rabbits with purified mouse β NGF. It presented immunopositivity to β NGF on Western blot, resulting in a single band approximately at the molecular weight of 14 kDa. The antiserum was further purified into anti β NGF IgG by affinity chromatography. Chicken embryonic dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were cultured to test the biological activities of β NGF and its antibody.展开更多
An important problem constraining the practical implementation of robust watermarking technology is the low robustness of existing algorithms against geometrical distortions. An adaptive blind watermarking scheme util...An important problem constraining the practical implementation of robust watermarking technology is the low robustness of existing algorithms against geometrical distortions. An adaptive blind watermarking scheme utilizing neural network for synchronization is proposed in this paper,which allows to recover watermark even if the image has been subjected to generalized geometrical transforms. Through classification of image’s brightness, texture and contrast sensitivity utilizing fuzzy clustering theory and human visual system, more robust watermark is adaptively embedded in DWT domain. In order to register rotation, scaling and translation parameters, feedforward neural network is utilized to learn image geometric pattern represented by six combined low order image moments. The distortion can be inverted after determining the affine distortion applied to the image and watermark can be extracted in a standard way without original image. It only needs a trained neural network. Experimental results demonstrate its advantages over previous method in terms of computational effectiveness and parameter estimation accuracy. It can embed more robust watermark under certain visual distance, and effectively resist JPEG compression, noise and geometric attacks.展开更多
A novel lossless information hiding algorithm based on wavelet neural network for digital vector maps is introduced. Wavelet coefficients being manipulated are embedded into a vector map, which could be restored by ad...A novel lossless information hiding algorithm based on wavelet neural network for digital vector maps is introduced. Wavelet coefficients being manipulated are embedded into a vector map, which could be restored by adjusting the weights of neurons in the designed neural network. When extracting the watermark extraction, those coefficients would be extracted by wavelet decomposition. With the trained multilayer feed forward neural network, the watermark would be obtained finally by measuring the weights of neurons. Experimental results show that the average error coding rate is only 6% for the proposed scheme and compared with other classical algorithms on the same tests, it is indicated that the proposed algorithm hashigher robustness, better invisibility and less loss on precision.展开更多
Objective:The prevalence of diabetic foot ulcer in Indonesia is far greater than the global prevalence.Nursing students are expected to have good knowledge and positive attitudes regarding diabetic ulcer care in order...Objective:The prevalence of diabetic foot ulcer in Indonesia is far greater than the global prevalence.Nursing students are expected to have good knowledge and positive attitudes regarding diabetic ulcer care in order to deliver high-quality wound care during clinical practice.This study aimed to assess nursing students’knowledge and attitudes toward diabetic ulcer care and to investigate the factors related to them.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted on 396 academic and clinical phases in three nursing schools in Indonesia from September 2021 to February 2022.Participants completed a survey including a questionnaire about knowledge and attitudes regarding diabetic ulcer care.The data were analyzed using a Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis.Results:The results show that 43.2%(171/396)of nursing students had inadequate knowledge of diabetic ulcer care.However,88.9%(352/396)had a favorable attitude toward the topic.Nursing students lacked knowledge about the characteristics of diabetic ulcers,diabetic neuropathy,wound infection,and adjunctive therapy for diabetic ulcers,and many of them believe that diabetic ulcer care is too timeconsuming to carry out.Students in the clinical phase of their studies had significantly better knowledge than those in the academic phase(aOR=9.99,95%CI 4.96e20.08,P<0.001).Male nursing students were significantly less likely to have positive attitude toward the topic than female students(aOR=0.42,95%CI 0.19e0.96,P=0.048),and students accustomed to sharing with peers as a source of knowledge had better attitudes than those who were not(aOR=2.76,95%CI 1.40e5.41,P=0.003).Conclusion:Findings show that almost half of the nursing students have insufficient knowledge of diabetic ulcer care.Curriculum developers and educators need to improve the curriculum regarding diabetic wound care and provide strategic programs to improve students’knowledge and attitudes based on the factors discovered in this study.展开更多
Human cytomegalovirus （HCMV） is the most common cause of congenital infection, resulting in birth defects such as microcephaly. In this study, RT-PCR and Western Blotting were performed to quantify the regulation of...Human cytomegalovirus （HCMV） is the most common cause of congenital infection, resulting in birth defects such as microcephaly. In this study, RT-PCR and Western Blotting were performed to quantify the regulation of endogenic nerve growth factor expression in neuroglia ceils by HCMV infection. The results showed that basal, endogenous NGF expression in U251 was unchanged during early HCMV infection. NGF expression is strongly down-regulated during the latent phase of infection. These results suggest that HCMV can depress the NGF expression in U251 cells.展开更多
This paper presents an original interpretation of the Upanishads that the inner self is located in the embryo brain region of the brain. This is the part of the brain already present in the embryo and consists of the ...This paper presents an original interpretation of the Upanishads that the inner self is located in the embryo brain region of the brain. This is the part of the brain already present in the embryo and consists of the brainstem, hypothalamus, thalamus, and midbrain. It is also the part of the brain that operates during dreaming and deep sleep and causes the transition from sleeping to waking states, and the Upanishads state unequivocally that the self is responsible for these mental states. With the self located in the embryo brain region, an entirely new interpretation of Aristotle＇s De Anima is presented which parallels the Upanishads in every respect; the inner self and Aristotle＇s ＂soul＂ have identical functions and attributes. An Aristotelian First Principle is presented： Biology is the source of Consciousness; DNA is the source of Biology; Ergo DNA is the source of Consciousness.展开更多
Objective： To observe the clinical efficacy difference between electroacupuncture at Bǎihui（百会GV 20）and Yintáng（印堂EX-HN 3） and oral administration of sertraline hydrochloride for treatment of postschizo...Objective： To observe the clinical efficacy difference between electroacupuncture at Bǎihui（百会GV 20）and Yintáng（印堂EX-HN 3） and oral administration of sertraline hydrochloride for treatment of postschizophrenic depression.Methods： Sixty patients with post-schizophrenic depression were randomly divided into electroacupuncture group and western medicine group in the proportion of 1：1, with 30 patients in each group. The patients in the two groups were all given antipsychotics as the basic treatment. Electroacupuncture at GV 20 and EX-HN 3 was performed additionally in electroacupuncture group with 30 min/time and once every other day. The treatment was given for 3 times a week, lasting for 6 weeks. Oral administration of sertraline hydrochloride was given in western medicine group additionally for once a day, lasting for6 weeks. The comprehensive conditions of patients in the two groups were evaluated before and after treatment by adopting Global Assessment Scale（GAS）. The degree of depression of patients in the two groups was assessed before treatment, after treatment for 1 week, 2 weeks and 4 weeks, after treatment as well as during follow-up visit by adopting Hamilton Depression Scale-17（HAMD-17）.Results： GAS： GAS scores of the patients in the two groups after treatment were higher than those before treatment（both P〈0.05）, but the difference of GAS scores of the patients in the two groups after treatment was not statistically significant. HAMD-17： The HAMD-17 scores of patients in electroacupuncture group reduced gradually in the six time points of before treatment, after treatment for 1 week, 2 weeks and 4 weeks, after treatment as well as during follow-up visit, and the differences of scores between the two adjacent time points were statistically significant（all P〈0.05）. The HAMD-17 scores of patients in western medicine group reduced gradually in the 6 time points, and the differences of scores between the two adjacent time points among after treatment for 2 weeks and 4 weeks, and after treatment were statistically significant（all P〈0.05）. The HAMD-17 scores of patients in electroacupuncture group were lower than that in western medicine group after treatment for 1 week. 2 weeks and 4 weeks, and the differences were statistically significant（all P〈0.05）.Conclusion： According to the comparison of the clinical efficacies of electroacupuncture at GV 20 and EXHN 3 and oral administration of sertraline hydrochloride for treatment of post-schizophrenic depression,the overall conditions were improved effectively and the difference was not statistically significant. Electroacupuncture takes effect more rapidly in treatment of depression, and its effect can last for a longer time.展开更多
Sixty cases of acute lumbar sprain were treated by puncturing Yintang（Ex-HN 3） toward Shenting（GV 24）, among which, 50 cases were cured, 9 were improved and only one failed, and the total effective rate was 98.3%.
To observe the therapeutic efficacy of music electric stimulation of points in treating anxiety. Methods： By adopting a design of multi-centered randomized controlled trial （RCT）, a total of 270 patients with anxie...To observe the therapeutic efficacy of music electric stimulation of points in treating anxiety. Methods： By adopting a design of multi-centered randomized controlled trial （RCT）, a total of 270 patients with anxiety were randomized into a treatment group and a medication group. The treatment group was intervened by music electric stimulation of points, while the medication group was intervened by oral administration of doxepin. The two groups were evaluated by using Hamilton anxiety rating scale （HAMA） and Chinese revised edition of self-rating anxiety scale （SAS-CR） before and after the intervention. The therapeutic efficacies were also compared. Results： The total effective rate was 93.6% in the treatment group versus 92.3% in the medication group, and the between-group difference was statistically insignificant （P〉O.05）. After the treatment, the aggregate scores of HAMA and SAS-CR were significantly changed in both groups （both P〈0.001）, and the inter-group differences were statistically insignificant （P〉O.05）. Conclusion： Music electric stimulation of points can produce equivalent efficacy in treating anxiety compared to doxepin. Thus, it can be taken as a choice in the treatment of anxiety.展开更多
An association between assisted reproductive technology （ART） and neurobehavioral imprinting disorders has been reported in many studies, and it seems that ART may interfere with imprint reprogramming. However, it h...An association between assisted reproductive technology （ART） and neurobehavioral imprinting disorders has been reported in many studies, and it seems that ART may interfere with imprint reprogramming. However, it has never been explored whether epigenetic erros or imprinting disease susceptibility induced by ART can be inherited transgenerationally. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer （IVF-ET） on transgenerational inheritance in am inbred mouse model. Mice derived from IVF-ET were outcrossed to wild-type C57BL/6J to obtain their female and male line F2 and F3 generations. Their behavior, morphology, histology, and DNA methylation status at several important differentially methylated regions （DMRs） were analyzed by Morris water maze, hematoxylin and eosin （H＆E） staining, and bisulfite genomic sequencing. No significant differences in spatial learning or phenotypic abnormality were found in adults derived from IVF （F1） and female and male line F2 and F3 generations. A borderline trend of hypomethylation was found in H19 DMR CpG island 3 in the female line-derived F3 generation （0.40±0.118, P=0.086）. Methylation status in H19/Igf2 DMR island 1, Igf2 DMR, KvDMR, and Snrpn DMR displayed normal patterns. Methylation percentage did not differ significantly from that of adults conceived naturally, and the expression of the genes they regulated was not disturbed. Transgenerational integrity, such as behavior, morphology, histology, and DNA methylation status, was maintained in these generations, which indicates that exposure of female germ cells to hormonel stimulation and gamete manipulation might not affect the individuals and their descendents.展开更多
The inhibitory co-receptor programmed death 1 （PD-1, encoded by pdcdl） and its two ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 comprise an important immune inhibitory signaling pathway for defense against microbes and for self-toleranc...The inhibitory co-receptor programmed death 1 （PD-1, encoded by pdcdl） and its two ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 comprise an important immune inhibitory signaling pathway for defense against microbes and for self-tolerance. Unlike other members of the B7-CD28 family, expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 is not limited to the immune system. In this study, we determined that a polyclonal antibody （pAb） （R＆D Systems） against extracellular domains of mouse PD-L2 （mPD-L2） could recognize anti- gen（s） in diverse mouse tissues, including the anterior and intermediate pituitary gland, olfactory bulbs and olfactory epitheli- um, tongue epithelium, keratinized epithelial ceils and skin and whisker hair follicles. These findings differed from previous reports of mPD-L2 localization. Reverse transcription PCR and Western blot analyses, however, were unable to detect any mPD-L2 transcripts or proteins of the 25-kD predicted molecular weight in RNA and protein extracts, respectively, from the above tissues, suggesting that the anti-mPD-L2 pAb cross-reacts with certain novel antigen（s）. Developmental studies revealed that the earliest expression of mPD-L2-1ike antigen was in the olfactory epithelium at embryonic day 12.5 （E12.5）. At E14.5, mPD-L2-1ike antigen was present in the skin, tongue and follicles of the skin and whiskers. The distribution patterns of mPD-L2-1ike antigen remained similar from E18.5 to adulthood. The results of bioinformatic analysis and other experiments suggested neural cell adhesion molecule and hemicentin-1 as candidate proteins with cross-reactivity to the anti-mPD-L2 pAb. These results demonstrate that care is required in interpreting staining patterns generated when anti-PD-L2 pAb is used to lo-cate PD-L2-expressing cells in the central nervous system and epithelial tissues, such as the olfactory epithelium. In addition, this anti-PD-L2 pAb may be used as an alternative antibody for labeling the olfactory epithelium during embryonic develop-ment in mice.展开更多
INDONESIA Search and rescue teams work at the site of a military C-130 Hercules aircraft crash in Medan on June 30.The crashed plane exploded in a residential area,killing at least 142 people on board and on the groun...INDONESIA Search and rescue teams work at the site of a military C-130 Hercules aircraft crash in Medan on June 30.The crashed plane exploded in a residential area,killing at least 142 people on board and on the ground as of July 1展开更多
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No60473015)
文摘A novel blind digital watermarking algorithm based on neural networks and multiwavelet transform is presented. The host image is decomposed through multiwavelet transform. There are four subblocks in the LL- level of the multiwavelet domain and these subblocks have many similarities. Watermark bits are added to low- frequency coefficients. Because of the learning and adaptive capabilities of neural networks, the trained neural networks almost exactly recover the watermark from the watermarked image. Experimental results demonstrate that the new algorithm is robust against a variety of attacks, especially, the watermark extraction does not require the original image.
文摘Anti β NGF antiserum was prepared by immunizing rabbits with purified mouse β NGF. It presented immunopositivity to β NGF on Western blot, resulting in a single band approximately at the molecular weight of 14 kDa. The antiserum was further purified into anti β NGF IgG by affinity chromatography. Chicken embryonic dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were cultured to test the biological activities of β NGF and its antibody.
基金the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(Grant No. 2001AA422420-02).
文摘An important problem constraining the practical implementation of robust watermarking technology is the low robustness of existing algorithms against geometrical distortions. An adaptive blind watermarking scheme utilizing neural network for synchronization is proposed in this paper,which allows to recover watermark even if the image has been subjected to generalized geometrical transforms. Through classification of image’s brightness, texture and contrast sensitivity utilizing fuzzy clustering theory and human visual system, more robust watermark is adaptively embedded in DWT domain. In order to register rotation, scaling and translation parameters, feedforward neural network is utilized to learn image geometric pattern represented by six combined low order image moments. The distortion can be inverted after determining the affine distortion applied to the image and watermark can be extracted in a standard way without original image. It only needs a trained neural network. Experimental results demonstrate its advantages over previous method in terms of computational effectiveness and parameter estimation accuracy. It can embed more robust watermark under certain visual distance, and effectively resist JPEG compression, noise and geometric attacks.
文摘A novel lossless information hiding algorithm based on wavelet neural network for digital vector maps is introduced. Wavelet coefficients being manipulated are embedded into a vector map, which could be restored by adjusting the weights of neurons in the designed neural network. When extracting the watermark extraction, those coefficients would be extracted by wavelet decomposition. With the trained multilayer feed forward neural network, the watermark would be obtained finally by measuring the weights of neurons. Experimental results show that the average error coding rate is only 6% for the proposed scheme and compared with other classical algorithms on the same tests, it is indicated that the proposed algorithm hashigher robustness, better invisibility and less loss on precision.
文摘Objective:The prevalence of diabetic foot ulcer in Indonesia is far greater than the global prevalence.Nursing students are expected to have good knowledge and positive attitudes regarding diabetic ulcer care in order to deliver high-quality wound care during clinical practice.This study aimed to assess nursing students’knowledge and attitudes toward diabetic ulcer care and to investigate the factors related to them.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted on 396 academic and clinical phases in three nursing schools in Indonesia from September 2021 to February 2022.Participants completed a survey including a questionnaire about knowledge and attitudes regarding diabetic ulcer care.The data were analyzed using a Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis.Results:The results show that 43.2%(171/396)of nursing students had inadequate knowledge of diabetic ulcer care.However,88.9%(352/396)had a favorable attitude toward the topic.Nursing students lacked knowledge about the characteristics of diabetic ulcers,diabetic neuropathy,wound infection,and adjunctive therapy for diabetic ulcers,and many of them believe that diabetic ulcer care is too timeconsuming to carry out.Students in the clinical phase of their studies had significantly better knowledge than those in the academic phase(aOR=9.99,95%CI 4.96e20.08,P<0.001).Male nursing students were significantly less likely to have positive attitude toward the topic than female students(aOR=0.42,95%CI 0.19e0.96,P=0.048),and students accustomed to sharing with peers as a source of knowledge had better attitudes than those who were not(aOR=2.76,95%CI 1.40e5.41,P=0.003).Conclusion:Findings show that almost half of the nursing students have insufficient knowledge of diabetic ulcer care.Curriculum developers and educators need to improve the curriculum regarding diabetic wound care and provide strategic programs to improve students’knowledge and attitudes based on the factors discovered in this study.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (30770105)Mt. Tai Scholar Construction Engineering Special Foundation of Shandong province.
文摘Human cytomegalovirus （HCMV） is the most common cause of congenital infection, resulting in birth defects such as microcephaly. In this study, RT-PCR and Western Blotting were performed to quantify the regulation of endogenic nerve growth factor expression in neuroglia ceils by HCMV infection. The results showed that basal, endogenous NGF expression in U251 was unchanged during early HCMV infection. NGF expression is strongly down-regulated during the latent phase of infection. These results suggest that HCMV can depress the NGF expression in U251 cells.
文摘This paper presents an original interpretation of the Upanishads that the inner self is located in the embryo brain region of the brain. This is the part of the brain already present in the embryo and consists of the brainstem, hypothalamus, thalamus, and midbrain. It is also the part of the brain that operates during dreaming and deep sleep and causes the transition from sleeping to waking states, and the Upanishads state unequivocally that the self is responsible for these mental states. With the self located in the embryo brain region, an entirely new interpretation of Aristotle＇s De Anima is presented which parallels the Upanishads in every respect; the inner self and Aristotle＇s ＂soul＂ have identical functions and attributes. An Aristotelian First Principle is presented： Biology is the source of Consciousness; DNA is the source of Biology; Ergo DNA is the source of Consciousness.
基金Supported by Medical Science Foundation in Zhongshan City:2017A02056~~
文摘Objective： To observe the clinical efficacy difference between electroacupuncture at Bǎihui（百会GV 20）and Yintáng（印堂EX-HN 3） and oral administration of sertraline hydrochloride for treatment of postschizophrenic depression.Methods： Sixty patients with post-schizophrenic depression were randomly divided into electroacupuncture group and western medicine group in the proportion of 1：1, with 30 patients in each group. The patients in the two groups were all given antipsychotics as the basic treatment. Electroacupuncture at GV 20 and EX-HN 3 was performed additionally in electroacupuncture group with 30 min/time and once every other day. The treatment was given for 3 times a week, lasting for 6 weeks. Oral administration of sertraline hydrochloride was given in western medicine group additionally for once a day, lasting for6 weeks. The comprehensive conditions of patients in the two groups were evaluated before and after treatment by adopting Global Assessment Scale（GAS）. The degree of depression of patients in the two groups was assessed before treatment, after treatment for 1 week, 2 weeks and 4 weeks, after treatment as well as during follow-up visit by adopting Hamilton Depression Scale-17（HAMD-17）.Results： GAS： GAS scores of the patients in the two groups after treatment were higher than those before treatment（both P〈0.05）, but the difference of GAS scores of the patients in the two groups after treatment was not statistically significant. HAMD-17： The HAMD-17 scores of patients in electroacupuncture group reduced gradually in the six time points of before treatment, after treatment for 1 week, 2 weeks and 4 weeks, after treatment as well as during follow-up visit, and the differences of scores between the two adjacent time points were statistically significant（all P〈0.05）. The HAMD-17 scores of patients in western medicine group reduced gradually in the 6 time points, and the differences of scores between the two adjacent time points among after treatment for 2 weeks and 4 weeks, and after treatment were statistically significant（all P〈0.05）. The HAMD-17 scores of patients in electroacupuncture group were lower than that in western medicine group after treatment for 1 week. 2 weeks and 4 weeks, and the differences were statistically significant（all P〈0.05）.Conclusion： According to the comparison of the clinical efficacies of electroacupuncture at GV 20 and EXHN 3 and oral administration of sertraline hydrochloride for treatment of post-schizophrenic depression,the overall conditions were improved effectively and the difference was not statistically significant. Electroacupuncture takes effect more rapidly in treatment of depression, and its effect can last for a longer time.
文摘Sixty cases of acute lumbar sprain were treated by puncturing Yintang（Ex-HN 3） toward Shenting（GV 24）, among which, 50 cases were cured, 9 were improved and only one failed, and the total effective rate was 98.3%.
基金supported by Scientific Project of the Third Hospital of Mianyang,Sichuan Province,No.(12) 2013~~
文摘To observe the therapeutic efficacy of music electric stimulation of points in treating anxiety. Methods： By adopting a design of multi-centered randomized controlled trial （RCT）, a total of 270 patients with anxiety were randomized into a treatment group and a medication group. The treatment group was intervened by music electric stimulation of points, while the medication group was intervened by oral administration of doxepin. The two groups were evaluated by using Hamilton anxiety rating scale （HAMA） and Chinese revised edition of self-rating anxiety scale （SAS-CR） before and after the intervention. The therapeutic efficacies were also compared. Results： The total effective rate was 93.6% in the treatment group versus 92.3% in the medication group, and the between-group difference was statistically insignificant （P〉O.05）. After the treatment, the aggregate scores of HAMA and SAS-CR were significantly changed in both groups （both P〈0.001）, and the inter-group differences were statistically insignificant （P〉O.05）. Conclusion： Music electric stimulation of points can produce equivalent efficacy in treating anxiety compared to doxepin. Thus, it can be taken as a choice in the treatment of anxiety.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No. 2007CB948104)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81070532)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. Z207021)
文摘An association between assisted reproductive technology （ART） and neurobehavioral imprinting disorders has been reported in many studies, and it seems that ART may interfere with imprint reprogramming. However, it has never been explored whether epigenetic erros or imprinting disease susceptibility induced by ART can be inherited transgenerationally. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer （IVF-ET） on transgenerational inheritance in am inbred mouse model. Mice derived from IVF-ET were outcrossed to wild-type C57BL/6J to obtain their female and male line F2 and F3 generations. Their behavior, morphology, histology, and DNA methylation status at several important differentially methylated regions （DMRs） were analyzed by Morris water maze, hematoxylin and eosin （H＆E） staining, and bisulfite genomic sequencing. No significant differences in spatial learning or phenotypic abnormality were found in adults derived from IVF （F1） and female and male line F2 and F3 generations. A borderline trend of hypomethylation was found in H19 DMR CpG island 3 in the female line-derived F3 generation （0.40±0.118, P=0.086）. Methylation status in H19/Igf2 DMR island 1, Igf2 DMR, KvDMR, and Snrpn DMR displayed normal patterns. Methylation percentage did not differ significantly from that of adults conceived naturally, and the expression of the genes they regulated was not disturbed. Transgenerational integrity, such as behavior, morphology, histology, and DNA methylation status, was maintained in these generations, which indicates that exposure of female germ cells to hormonel stimulation and gamete manipulation might not affect the individuals and their descendents.
基金supported by the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. HG3102)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81100899)
文摘The inhibitory co-receptor programmed death 1 （PD-1, encoded by pdcdl） and its two ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 comprise an important immune inhibitory signaling pathway for defense against microbes and for self-tolerance. Unlike other members of the B7-CD28 family, expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 is not limited to the immune system. In this study, we determined that a polyclonal antibody （pAb） （R＆D Systems） against extracellular domains of mouse PD-L2 （mPD-L2） could recognize anti- gen（s） in diverse mouse tissues, including the anterior and intermediate pituitary gland, olfactory bulbs and olfactory epitheli- um, tongue epithelium, keratinized epithelial ceils and skin and whisker hair follicles. These findings differed from previous reports of mPD-L2 localization. Reverse transcription PCR and Western blot analyses, however, were unable to detect any mPD-L2 transcripts or proteins of the 25-kD predicted molecular weight in RNA and protein extracts, respectively, from the above tissues, suggesting that the anti-mPD-L2 pAb cross-reacts with certain novel antigen（s）. Developmental studies revealed that the earliest expression of mPD-L2-1ike antigen was in the olfactory epithelium at embryonic day 12.5 （E12.5）. At E14.5, mPD-L2-1ike antigen was present in the skin, tongue and follicles of the skin and whiskers. The distribution patterns of mPD-L2-1ike antigen remained similar from E18.5 to adulthood. The results of bioinformatic analysis and other experiments suggested neural cell adhesion molecule and hemicentin-1 as candidate proteins with cross-reactivity to the anti-mPD-L2 pAb. These results demonstrate that care is required in interpreting staining patterns generated when anti-PD-L2 pAb is used to lo-cate PD-L2-expressing cells in the central nervous system and epithelial tissues, such as the olfactory epithelium. In addition, this anti-PD-L2 pAb may be used as an alternative antibody for labeling the olfactory epithelium during embryonic develop-ment in mice.
文摘INDONESIA Search and rescue teams work at the site of a military C-130 Hercules aircraft crash in Medan on June 30.The crashed plane exploded in a residential area,killing at least 142 people on board and on the ground as of July 1
